Carm1 inhibitors and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are compounds of Formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof; wherein X, R 1 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , are as defined herein, and Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein L 2 , R 13 , G 8 , G 10 , G 11 , and G 12  are as defined herein. Compounds of the present invention are useful for inhibiting CARM1 activity. Methods of using the compounds for treating CARM1-mediated disorders are also described.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S.Provisional Patent Application, U.S. Ser. No. 61/794,442, filed Mar. 15,2013, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is an important biologicaldeterminant of protein production and cellular differentiation and playsa significant pathogenic role in a number of human diseases.

Epigenetic regulation involves heritable modification of geneticmaterial without changing its nucleotide sequence. Typically, epigeneticregulation is mediated by selective and reversible modification (e.g.,methylation) of DNA and proteins (e.g., histones) that control theconformational transition between transcriptionally active and inactivestates of chromatin. These covalent modifications can be controlled byenzymes such as methyltransferases (e.g., CARM1 (co-activator-associatedarginine methyltransferase 1; PRMT4)), many of which are associated withspecific genetic alterations that can cause human disease.

Disease-associated chromatin-modifying enzymes play a role in diseasessuch as proliferative disorders, autoimmune disorders, musculardisorders, and neurological disorders. Thus, there is a need for thedevelopment of small molecules that are capable of inhibiting theactivity of CARM1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

CARM1 is an attractive target for modulation given its role in theregulation of diverse biological processes. It has now been found thatcompounds described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts andcompositions thereof, are effective as inhibitors of CARM1. Suchcompounds have the general Formula (I):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceuticalcompositions thereof; wherein X, R¹, R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), R^(2d), areas defined herein, and wherein Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclicheteroaryl ring system of Formula:

wherein L², R¹³, G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, and G₁₂ are as defined herein.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are provided whichcomprise a compound described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and optionally apharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein inhibit activity ofCARM1. In certain embodiments, methods of inhibiting CARM1 are providedwhich comprise contacting CARM1 with an effective amount of a compoundof Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The CARM1may be purified or crude, and may be present in a cell, tissue, or asubject. Thus, such methods encompass inhibition of CARM1 activity bothin vitro and in vivo. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 is wild-typeCARM1. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 is overexpressed. In certainembodiments, the CARM1 is a mutant. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 isin a cell. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 is in an animal, e.g., ahuman. In some embodiments, the CARM1 is expressed at normal levels in asubject, but the subject would benefit from CARM1 inhibition (e.g.,because the subject has one or more mutations in an CARM1 substrate thatcauses an increase in methylation of the substrate with normal levels ofCARM1). In some embodiments, the CARM1 is in a subject known oridentified as having abnormal CARM1 activity (e.g., overexpression). Insome embodiments, a provided compound is selective for CARM1 over othermethyltransferases. In certain embodiments, a provided compound is atleast about 10-fold selective, at least about 20-fold selective, atleast about 30-fold selective, at least about 40-fold selective, atleast about 50-fold selective, at least about 60-fold selective, atleast about 70-fold selective, at least about 80-fold selective, atleast about 90-fold selective, or at least about 100-fold selectiverelative to one or more other methyltransferases.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating gene expression oractivity in a cell are provided which comprise contacting a cell with aneffective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Incertain embodiments, the cell in culture in vitro. In certainembodiments, cell is in an animal, e.g., a human.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating transcription in a cellare provided which comprise contacting a cell with an effective amountof a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certainembodiments, the cell in culture in vitro. In certain embodiments, thecell is in an animal, e.g., a human.

In some embodiments, methods of treating a CARM1-mediated disorder areprovided which comprise administering to a subject suffering from aCARM1-mediated disorder an effective amount of a compound describedherein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Incertain embodiments, the CARM1-mediated disorder is a proliferativedisorder. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are usefulfor treating cancer. In certain embodiments, compounds described hereinare useful for treating breast cancer or prostate cancer. In certainembodiments, the CARM1-mediated disorder is a metabolic disorder.

Compounds described herein are also useful for the study of CARM1 inbiological and pathological phenomena, the study of intracellular signaltransduction pathways mediated by CARM1, and the comparative evaluationof new CARM1 inhibitors.

This application refers to various issued patent, published patentapplications, journal articles, and other publications, all of which areincorporated herein by reference.

Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms aredescribed in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified inaccordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version,Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^(th) Ed., inside cover, andspecific functional groups are generally defined as described therein.Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well asspecific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in ThomasSorrell, Organic Chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999;Smith and March, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5^(th) Edition,John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive OrganicTransformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers,Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, 1987.

Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers,and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and/ordiastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in theform of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, orcan be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemicmixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers canbe isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art,including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and theformation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers canbe prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al.,Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York,1981); Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, Stereochemistryof Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, N Y, 1962); and Wilen, Tables ofResolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ.of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind. 1972). The present disclosureadditionally encompasses compounds described herein as individualisomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, asmixtures of various isomers.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant toinclude compounds that differ only in the presence of one or moreisotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the presentstructures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium ortritium, replacement of ¹⁹F with ¹⁸F, or the replacement of a carbon bya ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of the disclosure.Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools or probes inbiological assays.

When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each valueand sub-range within the range. For example “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is intended toencompass, C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₁₋₆, C₁₋₅, C₁₋₄, C₁₋₃, C₁₋₂, C₂₋₆,C₂₋₅, C₂₋₄, C₂₋₃, C₃₋₆, C₃₋₅, C₃₋₄, C₄₋₆, C₄₋₅, and C₅₋₆ alkyl.

“Aliphatic” refers to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and carbocyclic groups.

“Alkyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturatedhydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₂₀ alkyl”). Insome embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₁₀alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms(“C₁₋₉ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbonatoms (“C₁₋₈ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7carbon atoms (“C₁₋₇ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1to 6 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₆ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl grouphas 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₅ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkylgroup has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₄ alkyl”). In some embodiments, analkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₃ alkyl”). In some embodiments,an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₂ alkyl”). In someembodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C₁ alkyl”). In someembodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₆ alkyl”).Examples of C₁₋₆ alkyl groups include methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl(C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄),iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl(C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), and n-hexyl (C₆).Additional examples of alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C₇), n-octyl (C₈)and the like. In certain embodiments, each instance of an alkyl group isindependently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an“unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with oneor more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group isunsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl (e.g., —CH₃). In certain embodiments, thealkyl group is substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl.

In some embodiments, an alkyl group is substituted with one or morehalogens. “Perhaloalkyl” is a substituted alkyl group as defined hereinwherein all of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by ahalogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo. In some embodiments, thealkyl moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₈ perhaloalkyl”). In someembodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₆perhaloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbonatoms (“C₁₋₄ perhaloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1to 3 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₃ perhaloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the alkylmoiety has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₂ perhaloalkyl”). In someembodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluoro. In someembodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with chloro.Examples of perhaloalkyl groups include —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CF₂CF₂CF₃,—CCl₃, —CFCl₂, —CF₂Cl, and the like.

“Alkenyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branchedhydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or morecarbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds), andoptionally one or more triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds)(“C₂₋₂₀ alkenyl”). In certain embodiments, alkenyl does not comprisetriple bonds. In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbonatoms (“C₂₋₂₀ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to9 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₉ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl grouphas 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₈ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, analkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₇ alkenyl”). In someembodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₆ alkenyl”).In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₅alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms(“C₂₋₄ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3carbon atoms (“C₂₋₃ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has2 carbon atoms (“C₂ alkenyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon doublebonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in1-butenyl). Examples of C₂₋₄ alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C₂),1-propenyl (C₃), 2-propenyl (C₃), 1-butenyl (C₄), 2-butenyl (C₄),butadienyl (C₄), and the like. Examples of C₂₋₆ alkenyl groups includethe aforementioned C₂₋₄ alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C₅),pentadienyl (C₅), hexenyl (C₆), and the like. Additional examples ofalkenyl include heptenyl (C₇), octenyl (C₈), octatrienyl (C₈), and thelike. In certain embodiments, each instance of an alkenyl group isindependently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an“unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) withone or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group isunsubstituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl groupis substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl.

“Alkynyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branchedhydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and one or morecarbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds), andoptionally one or more double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds)(“C₂₋₂₀ alkynyl”). In certain embodiments, alkynyl does not comprisedouble bonds. In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 10 carbonatoms (“C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to9 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₉ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl grouphas 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₈ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, analkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₇ alkynyl”). In someembodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₆ alkynyl”).In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₅alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms(“C₂₋₄ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3carbon atoms (“C₂₋₃ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has2 carbon atoms (“C₂ alkynyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon triplebonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in1-butynyl). Examples of C₂₋₄ alkynyl groups include, without limitation,ethynyl (C₂), 1-propynyl (C₃), 2-propynyl (C₃), 1-butynyl (C₄),2-butynyl (C₄), and the like. Examples of C₂₋₆ alkenyl groups includethe aforementioned C₂₋₄ alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C₅), hexynyl(C₆), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl(C₇), octynyl (C₈), and the like. In certain embodiments, each instanceof an alkynyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g.,unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a“substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents. In certainembodiments, the alkynyl group is unsubstituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl. Incertain embodiments, the alkynyl group is substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl.

“Carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non-aromaticcyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system. Insome embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms(“C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to7 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, acarbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl”). Insome embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms(“C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl”). Exemplary C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl groups include,without limitation, cyclopropyl (C₃), cyclopropenyl (C₃), cyclobutyl(C₄), cyclobutenyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclopentenyl (C₅),cyclohexyl (C₆), cyclohexenyl (C₆), cyclohexadienyl (C₆), and the like.Exemplary C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, theaforementioned C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C₇),cycloheptenyl (C₇), cycloheptadienyl (C₇), cycloheptatrienyl (C₇),cyclooctyl (C₈), cyclooctenyl (C₈), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C₇),bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C₈), and the like. Exemplary C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclylgroups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C₃₋₈ carbocyclylgroups as well as cyclononyl (C₉), cyclononenyl (C₉), cyclodecyl (C₁₀),cyclodecenyl (C₁₀), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C₉), decahydronaphthalenyl(C₁₀), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C₁₀), and the like. As the foregoing examplesillustrate, in certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is eithermonocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or contain a fused, bridged orspiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) ortricyclic system (“tricyclic carbocyclyl”), and can be saturated or canbe partially unsaturated. “Carbocyclyl” also includes ring systemswherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one ormore aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on thecarbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continueto designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system. Incertain embodiments, each instance of a carbocyclyl group isindependently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an“unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substitutedcarbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, thecarbocyclyl group is unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl. In certainembodiments, the carbocyclyl group is a substituted C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl.

In some embodiments, “carbocyclyl” is a monocyclic, saturatedcarbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ringcarbon atoms (“C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkylgroup has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl”). In someembodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₅₋₆cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ringcarbon atoms (“C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl”). Examples of C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl groupsinclude cyclopentyl (C₅) and cyclohexyl (C₅). Examples of C₃₋₆cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl groups aswell as cyclopropyl (C₃) and cyclobutyl (C₄). Examples of C₃₋₈cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl groups aswell as cycloheptyl (C₇) and cyclooctyl (C₈). In certain embodiments,each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an“unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”)with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkylgroup is unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, thecycloalkyl group is substituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl.

“Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” refers to a radical of a 3- to10-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“3-10 membered heterocyclyl”). Inheterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the pointof attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Aheterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”)or a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system(“bicyclic heterocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclicheterocyclyl”), and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated.Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatomsin one or both rings. “Heterocyclyl” also includes ring systems whereinthe heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or morecarbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on thecarbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein theheterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl orheteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on theheterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring memberscontinue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclylring system. In certain embodiments, each instance of heterocyclyl isindependently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an“unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substitutedheterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments,the heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl. Incertain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is substituted 3-10 memberedheterocyclyl.

In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 memberednon-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ringheteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”). In someembodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ringsystem having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein eachheteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur(“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl groupis a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”). In someembodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatomsselected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen,oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclylhas one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatominclude, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and thiorenyl.Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatominclude, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, and thietanyl.Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatominclude, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl,tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl,and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groupscontaining two heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl,oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and oxazolidin-2-one. Exemplary 5-memberedheterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include, withoutlimitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include,without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl,and thianyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing twoheteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl,dithianyl, and dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groupscontaining two heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl.Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatominclude, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include,without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl, and thiocanyl. Exemplary5-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to a C₆ aryl ring (also referred toherein as a 5,6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation,indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl,benzoxazolinonyl, and the like. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groupsfused to an aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 6,6-bicyclicheterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, tetrahydroquinolinyl,tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.

“Aryl” refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclicor tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 telectrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms andzero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C₆₋₁₄ aryl”). Insome embodiments, an aryl group has six ring carbon atoms (“C₆ aryl”;e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has ten ring carbonatoms (“C₁₀ aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl). Insome embodiments, an aryl group has fourteen ring carbon atoms (“C₁₄aryl”; e.g., anthracyl). “Aryl” also includes ring systems wherein thearyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl orheterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on thearyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue todesignate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. In certainembodiments, each instance of an aryl group is independently optionallysubstituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) orsubstituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents. Incertain embodiments, the aryl group is unsubstituted C₆₋₁₄ aryl. Incertain embodiments, the aryl group is substituted C₆₋₁₄ aryl.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a radical of a 5-10 membered monocyclic orbicyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or 10 π electronsshared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ringheteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein eachheteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur(“5-10 membered heteroaryl”). In heteroaryl groups that contain one ormore nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogenatom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can includeone or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heteroaryl” includes ringsystems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with oneor more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point ofattachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the numberof ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in theheteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems whereinthe heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more arylgroups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl orheteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring membersdesignates the number of ring members in the fused (aryl/heteroaryl)ring system. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does notcontain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and thelike) the point of attachment can be on either ring, e.g., either thering bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does notcontain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).

In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ringsystem having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in thearomatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”). In someembodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring systemhaving ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in thearomatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”). In someembodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring systemhaving ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in thearomatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”). In someembodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatomsselected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen,oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certainembodiments, each instance of a heteroaryl group is independentlyoptionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (“unsubstituted heteroaryl”)or substituted (“substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents.In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is unsubstituted 5-14membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group issubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.

Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatominclude, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl and thiophenyl. Exemplary5-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, withoutlimitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, andisothiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing threeheteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, andthiadiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing fourheteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary6-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, withoutlimitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containingtwo heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl,and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing threeor four heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl andtetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groupscontaining one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl,oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groupsinclude, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl,benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl,benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl,benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl,indolizinyl, and purinyl. Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groupsinclude, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.

“Partially unsaturated” refers to a group that includes at least onedouble or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended toencompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is notintended to include aromatic groups (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl groups) asherein defined. Likewise, “saturated” refers to a group that does notcontain a double or triple bond, i.e., contains all single bonds.

In some embodiments, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl,aryl, and heteroaryl groups, as defined herein, are optionallysubstituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted”or “unsubstituted” alkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl,“substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or“unsubstituted” heterocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or“substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group). In general, the term“substituted”, whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, meansthat at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon ornitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., asubstituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g.,a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such asby rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unlessotherwise indicated, a “substituted” group has a substituent at one ormore substitutable positions of the group, and when more than oneposition in any given structure is substituted, the substituent iseither the same or different at each position. The term “substituted” iscontemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituentsof organic compounds, including any of the substituents described hereinthat results in the formation of a stable compound. The presentdisclosure contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arriveat a stable compound. For purposes of this disclosure, heteroatoms suchas nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitablesubstituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of theheteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety.

Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to,halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(aa), —ON(R^(bb))₂,—N(R^(bb))₂, —N(R^(bb))₃ ⁺X, —N(OR^(cc))R^(bb), —SH, —SR^(aa),—SSR^(cc), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂H, —CHO, —C(OR^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa),—OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂,—NR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), —NR^(bb)CO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂,—C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))R^(aa),—OC(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂,—NR^(bb)C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa),—NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —SO₂N(R^(bb))₂, —SO₂R^(aa), —SO₂OR, —OSO₂R^(aa),—S(═O)R^(aa), —OS(═O)R^(aa), —Si(R^(aa))₃,—OSi(R^(aa))₃—C(═S)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═S)SR^(aa),—SC(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)SR^(aa), —OC(═O)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)OR^(aa),—SC(═O)R^(aa), —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —OP(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂,—OP(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂,—OP(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, —P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, —OP(═O)(NR^(bb))₂,—NR^(bb)P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —NR^(bb)P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, —P(R^(cc))₂,—P(R^(cc))₃, —OP(R^(cc))₂, —OP(R^(cc))₃, —B(R^(aa))₂, —B(OR^(cc))₂,—BR^(aa)(OR^(cc)), C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independentlysubstituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group═O, ═S, ═NN(R^(bb))₂, ═NNR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), ═NNR^(bb)C(═O)OR^(aa),═NNR^(bb)S(═O)₂R^(aa), ═NR^(bb), or ═NOR^(cc);

each instance of R^(aa) is, independently, selected from C₁₋₁₀ alkyl,C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl,3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, ortwo R^(aa) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independentlysubstituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of R^(bb) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, —OH,—OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa),—SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂,—SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc),—C(═S)SR^(cc), —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(cc))₂,—P(═O)(NR^(cc))₂, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(bb) groups are joined to form a 3-14membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein eachalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroarylis independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of R^(cc) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 memberedheteroaryl, or two R^(cc) groups are joined to form a 3-14 memberedheterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl isindependently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of R^(dd) is, independently, selected from halogen, —CN,—NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(ee), —ON(R^(ff))₂, —N(R^(ff))₂,—N(R^(ff))₃ ⁺X, —N(OR^(ee))R^(ff), —SH, —SR^(ee), —SSR^(ee),—C(═O)R^(ee), —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(ee), —OC(═O)R^(ee), —OCO₂R^(ee),—C(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)C(═O)R^(ee), —NRCO₂Re,—NR^(ff)C(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —C(═NR^(ff))OR^(ee), —OC(═NR^(ff))R^(ee),OC(═NR^(ff))OR^(ee), —C(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂, —OC(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂,—NR^(ff)C(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)SO₂R^(ee), —SO₂N(R^(ff))₂,—SO₂R^(ee), —SO₂OR^(ee), —OSO₂R^(ee), —S(═O)R^(ee), —Si(R^(ee))₃,—OSi(R^(ee))₃, —C(═S)N(R^(ff))₂, —C(═O)SR^(ee), —C(═S)SR^(ee),—SC(═S)SR^(ee), —P(═O)₂R^(ee), —P(═O)(R^(ee))₂, —OP(═O)(R^(ee))₂,—OP(═O)(OR^(ee))₂, C₁₋₅ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl,heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0,1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups, or two geminal R^(dd) substituents canbe joined to form ═O or ═S;

each instance of R^(ee) is, independently, selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl,C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, whereineach alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, andheteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg)groups;

each instance of R^(ff) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl,3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, ortwo R^(ff) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independentlysubstituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups; and

each instance of R^(gg) is, independently, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃,—SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —ON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂,—N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃ ⁺X, —NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂ ⁺X⁻, —NH₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl)⁺X⁻, —NH₃ ⁻X⁺,—N(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(OH)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NH(OH), —SH, —SC₁₋₆alkyl, —SS(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—OC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OCO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂,—OC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)C(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NHCO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NHC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NHC(═O)NH₂, —C(═NH)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═NH)(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—OC(═NH)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —C(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—C(═NH)NH₂, —OC(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OC(NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(NH)NH₂,—NHC(NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NHC(═NH)NH₂, —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆alkyl)₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂C₁₋₆ alkyl, —SO₂OC₁₋₆ alkyl,—OSO₂C₁₋₆ alkyl, —SOC₁₋₆ alkyl, —Si(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃, —OSi(C₁₋₆alkyl)₃-C(═S)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C(═S)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═S)NH₂, —C(═O)S(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═S)SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —SC(═S)SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —P(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl),—P(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl,C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or twogeminal R^(gg) substituents can be joined to form ═O or ═S; wherein X isa counterion.

A “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged groupassociated with a cationic quaternary amino group in order to maintainelectronic neutrality. Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g.,F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻), NO₃ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, OH⁻, H₂PO₄ ⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, sulfonate ions(e.g., methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate,benzenesulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate,naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonicacid-2-sulfonate, and the like), and carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate,ethanoate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate,glycolate, and the like).

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, —F), chlorine (chloro,—Cl), bromine (bromo, —Br), or iodine (iodo, —I).

“Hydroxyl” or “hydroxy” refers to the group —OH. “Substituted hydroxyl”or “substituted hydroxyl,” by extension, refers to a hydroxyl groupwherein the oxygen atom directly attached to the parent molecule issubstituted with a group other than hydrogen, and includes groupsselected from —OR^(aa), —ON(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)SR^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa),—OCO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═NR^(bb))R^(aa),—OC(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —OS(═O)R^(aa),—OSO₂R^(aa), —OSi(R^(aa))₃, —OP(R^(cc))₂, —OP(R^(cc))₃, —OP(═O)₂R^(aa),—OP(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —OP(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, and—OP(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as definedherein.

“Thiol” or “thio” refers to the group —SH. “Substituted thiol” or“substituted thio,” by extension, refers to a thiol group wherein thesulfur atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted witha group other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —SR^(aa),—S═SR^(cc), —SC(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)OR^(aa), and—SC(═O)R^(aa), wherein R^(aa) and R^(cc) are as defined herein.

“Amino” refers to the group —NH₂. “Substituted amino,” by extension,refers to a monosubstituted amino, a disubstituted amino, or atrisubstituted amino, as defined herein. In certain embodiments, the“substituted amino” is a monosubstituted amino or a disubstituted aminogroup.

“Monosubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogenatom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with onehydrogen and one group other than hydrogen, and includes groups selectedfrom —NH(R^(bb)), —NHC(═O)R^(aa), —NHCO₂R^(aa), —NHC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂,—NHC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NHSO₂R^(aa), —NHP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, and—NHP(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb) and R^(cc) are as definedherein, and wherein R^(bb) of the group —NH(R^(bb)) is not hydrogen.

“Disubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atomdirectly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with two groupsother than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —N(R^(bb))₂,—NR^(bb) C(═O)R^(aa), —NR^(bb)CO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂,—NR^(bb)C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa),—NR^(bb)P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, and —NR^(bb)P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa),R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein, with the proviso that thenitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is notsubstituted with hydrogen.

“Trisubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogenatom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with threegroups, and includes groups selected from —N(R^(bb))₃ and —N(R^(bb))₃⁺X, wherein R^(bb) and X are as defined herein.

“Sulfonyl” refers to a group selected from —SO₂N(R^(bb))₂, —SO₂R^(aa),and —SO₂OR^(aa) wherein R^(aa) and R^(bb) are as defined herein.

“Sulfinyl” refers to the group —S(═O)R^(aa), wherein R^(aa) is asdefined herein.

“Carbonyl” refers a group wherein the carbon directly attached to theparent molecule is sp² hybridized, and is substituted with an oxygen,nitrogen or sulfur atom, e.g., a group selected from ketones(—C(═O)R^(aa)), carboxylic acids (—CO₂H), aldehydes (—CHO), esters(—CO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═S)SR^(aa)), amides (—C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂,—C(═O)NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(bb))₂), and imines(—C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa)), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂),wherein R^(aa) and R^(bb) are as defined herein.

Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits,and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary nitrogenatoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substitutents include, but are notlimited to, hydrogen, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^(aa),—C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa),—C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc),—SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc),—P(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(cc))₂, —P(═O)(NR^(cc))₂,C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 memberedheteroaryl, or two R^(cc) groups attached to a nitrogen atom are joinedto form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring,wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl,and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5R^(dd) groups, and wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), R^(cc) and R^(dd) are asdefined above.

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a nitrogen atom is anitrogen protecting group (also referred to as an amino protectinggroup). Nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —OH,—OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa),—SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa),—C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc),—SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), C₁₋₁₀ alkyl(e.g., aralkyl, heteroaralkyl), C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 memberedheteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl,heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substitutedwith 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups, and wherein R^(aa), R^(bb),R^(cc), and R^(dd) are as defined herein. Nitrogen protecting groups arewell known in the art and include those described in detail inProtecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts,3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein byreference.

Amide nitrogen protecting groups (e.g., —C(═O)R^(aa)) include, but arenot limited to, formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide,trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide,3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide,N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide,o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide,(N′-dithiobenzyloxyacylamino)acetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide,3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide,2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide,3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine,o-nitrobenzamide, and o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide.

Carbamate nitrogen protecting groups (e.g., —C(═O)OR^(aa)) include, butare not limited to, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamante,9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethylcarbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate,2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methylcarbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc),2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate(Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethylcarbamate (Adpoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate,1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-t-BOC),1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC),1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc),1-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bumeoc), 2-(2′- and4′-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc), 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethylcarbamate, t-butyl carbamate (BOC), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinylcarbamate (Voc), allyl carbamate (Alloc), 1-isopropylallyl carbamate(Ipaoc), cinnamyl carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc),8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithiocarbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz),p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzylcarbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzylcarbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate,2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate,2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methylcarbamate (Dmoc), 4-methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc),2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc), 2-phosphonioethyl carbamate(Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc),1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate,p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate,2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc), m-nitrophenylcarbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate,3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methylcarbamate, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzylcarbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentylcarbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate,2,2-dimethoxyacylvinyl carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzylcarbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate,1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate,2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate,isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate,p-(p′-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate,1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate,1-methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate,1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-phenylethylcarbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate,p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate,4-(trimethylammonium)benzyl carbamate, and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzylcarbamate.

Sulfonamide nitrogen protecting groups (e.g., —S(═O)₂R^(aa)) include,but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide,2,3,6,-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr),2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb),2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme),2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte),4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide(Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds),2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide(Ms), P-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES), 9-anthracenesulfonamide,4-(4′,8′-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS),benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide.

Other nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to,phenothiazinyl-(10)-acyl derivative, N′-p-toluenesulfonylaminoacylderivative, N′-phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanylderivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative,4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts),N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole,N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE),5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine,N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM), N-3-acetoxypropylamine,N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary ammoniumsalts, N-benzylamine, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine,N-5-dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr),N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr),N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF),N-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino (Fcm),N-2-picolylamino N′-oxide, N-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine,N-benzylideneamine, N-p-methoxybenzylideneamine,N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N-[(2-pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine,N—(N′,N′-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, N,N′-isopropylidenediamine,N-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylideneamine,N-5-chlorosalicylideneamine,N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine,N-cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine,N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative,N-[phenyl(pentaacylchromium- or tungsten)acyl]amine, N-copper chelate,N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine N-oxide,diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt),diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzylphosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide,o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps), 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide,pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide,triphenylmethylsulfenamide, and 3-nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys).

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on an oxygen atom is anoxygen protecting group (also referred to as a hydroxyl protectinggroup). Oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to,—R^(aa), —N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂R^(aa),—C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═NR^(bb))R)N(R^(bb)2, —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa),—C(═NR^(bb)OR, —C(═NR^(bb)N(R^(bb))₂, —S(═O)R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa),—Si(R^(aa))₃, —P(R^(cc))₂, —P(R^(cc))₃, —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂,—P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, and —P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, whereinR^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein. Oxygen protectinggroups are well known in the art and include those described in detailin Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M.Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein byreference.

Exemplary oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to,methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl,(phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM),p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM),guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM),siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl,bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR),tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl,tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl(MTHP), 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranylS,S-dioxide, 1-[(2-chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl(CTMP), 1,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl,1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl,1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl,2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl,t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl,benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl,p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl,p-phenylbenzyl, 2-picolyl, 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido,diphenylmethyl, p,p′-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl,triphenylmethyl, o-naphthyldiphenylmethyl,p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl,tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4′-bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl,4,4′,4″-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl,4,4′,4″-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl,4,4′,4″-tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl,3-(imidazol-1-yl)bis(4′,4″-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl,1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1′-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl,9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl,1,3-benzodisulfuran-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido, trimethylsilyl(TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS),dimethylisopropylsilyl (IPDMS), diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS),dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl(TBDPS), tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl,diphenylmethylsilyl (DPMS), t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), formate,benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate,trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate,triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate,3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate (levulinate),4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate (levulinoyldithioacetal), pivaloate,adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate,2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate), methyl carbonate, 9-fluorenylmethylcarbonate (Fmoc), ethyl carbonate, t-butyl carbonate (Boc),2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate(TMSEC), 2-(phenylsulfonyl) ethyl carbonate (Psec),2-(triphenylphosphonio) ethyl carbonate (Peoc), isobutyl carbonate,vinyl carbonate, allyl carbonate, p-nitrophenyl carbonate, benzylcarbonate, p-methoxybenzyl carbonate, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate,o-nitrobenzyl carbonate, p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, S-benzylthiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy-1-napththyl carbonate, methyl dithiocarbonate,2-iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate,o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2-formylbenzenesulfonate,2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl, 4-(methylthiomethoxy)butyrate,2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate,2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxyacetate,2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate,isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate,o-(methoxyacyl)benzoate, co-naphthoate, nitrate, alkylN,N,N′,N′-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, alkyl N-phenylcarbamate,borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate,sulfate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate(Ts).

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a sulfur atom is asulfur protecting group (also referred to as a thiol protecting group).Sulfur protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —R^(aa),—N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂,—C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂,—S(═O)R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —Si(R^(aa))₃, —P(R^(cc))₂, —P(R^(cc))₃,—P(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, and—P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as definedherein. Sulfur protecting groups are well known in the art and includethose described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T.W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999,incorporated herein by reference.

These and other exemplary substituents are described in more detail inthe Detailed Description, Examples, and claims. The present disclosureis not intended to be limited in any manner by the above exemplarylisting of substituents.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are,within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of humans and other animals without undue toxicity,irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with areasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts arewell known in the art. For example, Berge et al. describepharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. PharmaceuticalSciences (1977) 66:1-19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of thecompounds describe herein include those derived from suitable inorganicand organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable,nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed withinorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoricacid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such asacetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid,succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the artsuch as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts includeadipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate,bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate,cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate,formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate,hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide,2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, laurylsulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate,pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate,pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate,thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and thelike. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal,alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N⁺(C₁₋₄alkyl)₄ salts. Representativealkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium,calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptablesalts include, when appropriate, quaternary salts.

A “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is notlimited to, humans (e.g., a male or female of any age group, e.g., apediatric subject (e.g, infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject(e.g., young adult, middle-aged adult or senior adult)) and/or othernon-human animals, for example, non-human mammals (e.g., primates (e.g.,cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys); commercially relevant mammals suchas cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, cats, and/or dogs), birds (e.g.,commercially relevant birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, and/orturkeys), rodents (e.g., rats and/or mice), reptiles, amphibians, andfish. In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal. Thenon-human animal may be a male or female at any stage of development. Anon-human animal may be a transgenic animal.

“Condition,” “disease,” and “disorder” are used interchangeably herein.

“Treat,” “treating” and “treatment” encompasses an action that occurswhile a subject is suffering from a condition which reduces the severityof the condition or retards or slows the progression of the condition(“therapeutic treatment”). “Treat,” “treating” and “treatment” alsoencompasses an action that occurs before a subject begins to suffer fromthe condition and which inhibits or reduces the severity of thecondition (“prophylactic treatment”).

An “effective amount” of a compound refers to an amount sufficient toelicit the desired biological response, e.g., treat the condition. Aswill be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in this art, theeffective amount of a compound described herein may vary depending onsuch factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics ofthe compound, the condition being treated, the mode of administration,and the age and health of the subject. An effective amount encompassestherapeutic and prophylactic treatment.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound is an amountsufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of acondition or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated withthe condition. A therapeutically effective amount of a compound means anamount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with othertherapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of thecondition. The term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass anamount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms orcauses of the condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of anothertherapeutic agent.

A “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound is an amountsufficient to prevent a condition, or one or more symptoms associatedwith the condition or prevent its recurrence. A prophylacticallyeffective amount of a compound means an amount of a therapeutic agent,alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylacticbenefit in the prevention of the condition. The term “prophylacticallyeffective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overallprophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of anotherprophylactic agent.

As used herein, the term “methyltransferase” represents transferaseclass enzymes that are able to transfer a methyl group from a donormolecule to an acceptor molecule, e.g., an amino acid residue of aprotein or a nucleic base of a DNA molecule. Methytransferases typicallyuse a reactive methyl group bound to sulfur in S-adenosyl methionine(SAM) as the methyl donor. In some embodiments, a methyltransferasedescribed herein is a protein methyltransferase. In some embodiments, amethyltransferase described herein is a histone methyltransferase.Histone methyltransferases (HMT) are histone-modifying enzymes,(including histone-lysine N-methyltransferase and histone-arginineN-methyltransferase), that catalyze the transfer of one or more methylgroups to lysine and arginine residues of histone proteins. In certainembodiments, a methyltransferase described herein is a histone-arginineN-methyltransferase.

As generally described above, provided herein are compounds useful asCARM1 inhibitors. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides acompound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;wherein:

X is —O—, —S—, or —CH₂—;

R¹ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic;

each of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is independently hydrogen,halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R^(A2), —C(═O)OR^(A2), —C(═O)N(R^(A2))₂,—OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, —S(═O)R^(A2), —S(═O)₂R^(A2), optionallysubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl, wherein each instance of R^(A2) isindependently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R^(A2)groups attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form anoptionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroarylring;

Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of theformula:

wherein:

G₈ is C—R⁸ or N;

G₁₀ is C—R¹⁰ or N;

G₁₁ is C—R¹¹ or N;

G₁₂ is C—R¹² or N;

provided at least one instance of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ is N;

each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′,—C(═O)N(R′)₂, optionally substituted alkyl, and -L¹-R³;

each instance of R′ is independently hydrogen, optionally substitutedalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, ortwo R′ groups attached to the same nitrogen are joined to form anoptionally substituted heterocyclyl ring or optionally substitutedheteroaryl ring;

each instance of L¹ and L² is independently a bond, —O—, —N(R^(L))—,—S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—,—OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—,—C(═NNR^(L), —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—,—C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—,—N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, an optionallysubstituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, whereinone or more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—,—N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—,—C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—,—SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—,—C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—,—SO₂N(R^(L))—, and —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— is optionally and independentlypresent between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, andoptionally and independently present at one or both ends of thehydrocarbon chain;

each R^(L) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or anitrogen protecting group, or R^(L) and R³ taken together form anoptionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroarylring, or R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form an optionally substitutedheterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;

R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substitutedcarbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substitutedaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, provided when R³ ishydrogen, then L¹ is not a bond; and

R¹³ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substitutedheteroaryl.

It is generally understood that compounds of Formula (I), as describedherein, comprises one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist invarious isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomeric and/or diastereomeric forms.In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the followingstereochemistry (I-a) or (I-b):

As generally defined herein, X is —O—, —S—, or —CH₂—. In certainembodiments, X is —O—. In certain embodiments, X is —S—. In certainembodiments, X is —O—.

As generally defined herein, R¹ is hydrogen or optionally substitutedC₁₋₄ aliphatic. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen. In certainembodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic, e.g.,optionally substituted C₁ aliphatic, optionally substituted C₂aliphatic, optionally substituted C₃ aliphatic, or optionallysubstituted C₄ aliphatic. It is understood that aliphatic, as usedherein, encompasses alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and carbocyclic groups. Incertain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, e.g.,optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkyl,optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁alkyl,optionally substituted C₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl, oroptionally substituted C₄alkyl. Exemplary R¹ C₁₋₄ alkyl groups include,but are not limited to, methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃),isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), oriso-butyl (C₄), each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted. Incertain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, e.g.,optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃-alkenyl,optionally substituted C₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃alkenyl, oroptionally substituted C₄alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ isoptionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, e.g., optionally substitutedC₂₋₃alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-alkynyl, optionally substitutedC₂alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃alkynyl, or optionally substitutedC₄alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substitutedC₃carbocyclyl, e.g., optionally substituted cyclopropyl. In certainembodiments, R¹ is hydrogen or an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic group,e.g., for example, in certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl.

As generally defined herein, each of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d)is independently hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R^(A2), —C(═O)OR^(A2),—C(═O)N(R^(A2))₂, —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, —S(═O)R^(A2),—S(═O)₂R^(A2), optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substitutedcarbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein each instanceof R^(A2) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, ortwo R^(A2) groups attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to forman optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substitutedheteroaryl ring.

In certain embodiments, at least one of (e.g., one, two, three, each of)R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c) and R^(2d) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments,at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is halo, e.g.,fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. In certain embodiments, at least one ofR^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is chloro. In certain embodiments, atleast one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —CN. In certainembodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —NO₂.In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), andR^(2d) is —C(═O)R^(A2), e.g., wherein R^(A2) is hydrogen or optionallysubstituted alkyl (e.g., methyl). In certain embodiments, at least oneof R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —C(═O)OR^(A2), e.g., whereinR^(A2) is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl (e.g., methyl). Incertain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d)is —C(═O)N(R^(A2))₂, e.g., wherein each instance of R^(A2) is hydrogenor optionally substituted alkyl (e.g., methyl), or two R^(A2) groupsattached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form an optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring. Incertain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d)is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, optionally substitutedC₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkyl, optionally substitutedC₁alkyl, optionally substituted C₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl,or optionally substituted C₄alkyl. Exemplary R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), andR^(2d) C₁₋₄alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C₁),ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl(C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), and iso-butyl (C₄), each of which may besubstituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, at least one ofR^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is alkyl substituted with hydroxy orsubstituted hydroxy, e.g., —(CH₂)_(a)OH or —(CH₂)_(a)OCH₃, wherein a is1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a),R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is alkyl substituted with halogen (e.g.,fluoro), e.g., at least one of R^(2a)R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —CF₃.In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), andR^(2d) is optionally substituted alkenyl, e.g., optionally substitutedC₂₋₄ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkenyl, optionally substitutedC₃-alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂alkenyl, optionally substitutedC₃alkenyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkenyl. In certain embodiments,at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionallysubstituted C₂alkenyl or optionally substituted C₃alkenyl, e.g., vinylor allyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b),R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted alkynyl, e.g., optionallysubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkynyl, optionallysubstituted C₃-alkynyl, optionally substituted C₂alkynyl, optionallysubstituted C₃alkynyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkynyl. In certainembodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) isoptionally substituted C₂alkynyl, e.g., acetylene. In certainembodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) isoptionally substituted carbocyclyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₃₋₅carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃-carbocyclyl, optionallysubstituted C₄₋₅ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃carbocyclyl,optionally substituted C₄carbocyclyl, or optionally substitutedC₅carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b),R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted C₃carbocyclyl, e.g.,cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b),R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted heterocyclyl, e.g.,optionally substituted 3- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted 3- to 4-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 4- to5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 3-membered heterocyclyl,optionally substituted 4-membered heterocyclyl, or optionallysubstituted 5-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at leastone of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), or—N(R^(A2))₂, wherein R^(A2) is as defined herein. In certainembodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c) and R^(2d) is—S(═O)R^(A2) or —S(═O)₂R^(A2), wherein R^(A2) is as defined herein. Incertain embodiments, at least one R^(A2) is hydrogen, e.g., for example,to provide at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) as —OH,—SH, —NH₂, or —NHR^(A2). In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2)is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, optionally substitutedC₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₃-alkyl, optionally substitutedC₁alkyl, optionally substituted C₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl,or optionally substituted C₄alkyl, e.g., for example, at least one ofR^(A2) is methyl to provide a group R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d)of formula —OCH₃, —SCH₃, —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, or —NCH₃R^(A2). In certainembodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is alkyl substituted with halogen(e.g., fluoro), e.g., to provide a group R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c) andR^(2d) of formula —OCF₃, —SCF₃, —NHCF₃, —N(CF₃)₂, or —NCF₃R^(A2). Incertain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is a group of formula—CH₂CH(OH)CH₂NHR¹, wherein R¹ is as defined herein, e.g., to provide agroup R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) of formula —OCH₂CH(OH)CH₂NHR¹,—SCH₂CH(OH)CH₂NHR¹, —NHCH₂CH(OH)CH₂NHR¹, or —N(R^(A2))CH₂CH(OH)CH₂NHR¹.In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is alkyl substituted withan optionally substituted aryl (e.g., optionally substituted phenyl) oroptionally substituted heteroaryl (e.g., optionally substitutedpyridinyl), e.g., to provide a group R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d)of formula —O(CH₂)_(a)Ar, —S(CH₂)_(a)Ar, —NH(CH₂)_(a)Ar, or—N(R^(A2))(CH₂)_(a)Ar, wherein a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and Ar isoptionally substituted aryl (e.g., optionally substituted phenyl) oroptionally substituted heteroaryl (e.g., optionally substitutedpyridinyl). In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is optionallysubstituted alkenyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl,optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃-alkenyl,optionally substituted C₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃alkenyl, oroptionally substituted C₄alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least oneof R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkynyl, e.g., optionallysubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkynyl, optionallysubstituted C₃-alkynyl, optionally substituted C₂alkynyl, optionallysubstituted C₃alkynyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkynyl. In certainembodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is optionally substitutedcarbocyclyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₃₋₅carbocyclyl, optionallysubstituted C₃-carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₄₋₅ carbocyclyl,optionally substituted C₃carbocyclyl, optionally substitutedC₄carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C₅carbocyclyl. In certainembodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, e.g., optionally substituted 3- to 5-memberedheterocyclyl, optionally substituted 3- to 4-membered heterocyclyl,optionally substituted 4- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted 3-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 4-memberedheterocyclyl, or optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclyl. Incertain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is optionally substitutedaryl (e.g., optionally substituted phenyl) or optionally substitutedheteroaryl (e.g., optionally substituted pyridinyl). In certainembodiments, two R^(A2) groups, e.g., of —N(R^(A2))₂, are joined to forman optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substitutedheteroaryl ring.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), andR^(2d) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least two of R^(2a),R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at leastthree of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is hydrogen. In certainembodiments, each of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen,e.g., to provide a compound of Formula (I-c):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

However, in certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c),and R^(2d) is a non-hydrogen group. For example, in certain embodiments,R^(2a) is a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^(2a) is anon-hydrogen group, and each of R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is hydrogen,e.g., to provide a compound of Formula (I-d):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments,R^(2a) is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting ofhalogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2),—N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substitutedC₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, and optionallysubstituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is a non-hydrogen group. In certainembodiments, R^(2b) is a non-hydrogen group, and each of R^(2a), R^(2c),and R^(2d) is hydrogen, e.g., to provide a compound of Formula (I-e):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments,R^(2b) is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting ofhalogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR, —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂,optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl,optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, and optionally substitutedC₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R^(2c) is a non-hydrogen group. In certainembodiments, R^(2c) is a non-hydrogen group, and each of R^(2a), R^(2b),and R^(2d) is hydrogen, e.g., to provide a compound of Formula (I-f):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments,R^(2c) is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting ofhalogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR, —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂,optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl,optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, and optionally substitutedC₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R^(2d) is a non-hydrogen group. In certainembodiments, R^(2d) is a non-hydrogen group, and each of R^(2a), R^(2b),and R^(2c) is hydrogen, e.g., to provide a compound of Formula (I-g):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments,R^(2d) is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting ofhalogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR, —N(R^(A2))₂,optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl,optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, and optionally substitutedC₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl.

As generally understood from the present disclosure, Ring HET is a6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of Formula:

i.e., to provide a compound of Formula (I-h):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein at least oneinstance of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ is N, e.g., at least one, two, or threeinstances of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ is N. In certain embodiments, G₈ is N.In certain embodiments, G₁₀ is N. In certain embodiments, G₁₁ is N. Incertain embodiments, G₁₂ is N. In certain embodiments, two instances ofG₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ are N. In certain embodiments, G₈ and G₁₀ are bothN. In certain embodiments, G₈ and G₁₁ are both N. In certainembodiments, G₈ and G₁₂ are both N. In certain embodiments, G₁₀ and G₁₂are both N. In certain embodiments, three instances of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, orG₁₂ are N. In certain embodiments, G₈, G₁₀, and G₁₂ are each N.

Exemplary Ring HET groups of the formula (i), (ii), or (iii), include,but are not limited to, any one of the following ring systems, whereinone, two, or three instances of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, and G₁₂ are N:

Furthermore, as generally defined above, each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹,and R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, —C(═O)N(R′)₂, optionallysubstituted alkyl, or -L¹-R³; wherein L¹, R³, and R′ are as definedherein. In certain embodiments, one of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is -L¹-R³.Alternatively, neither R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is -L¹-R³. In certainembodiments, R⁸ is -L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, R¹⁰ is -L¹-R³. Incertain embodiments, R¹¹ is -L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, R¹² is-L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² isa -L¹-R³ and the other instances (i.e., one or two instances) are ahydrogen or non-hydrogen moiety selected from the group consisting ofhalo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, —C(═O)N(R′)₂, or optionallysubstituted alkyl. For example, in certain embodiments, at least oneinstance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is halo, e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo,or iodo. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹,and R¹² is —CN. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸,R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is —NO₂. In certain embodiments, at least one instanceof R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, or —C(═O)N(R′)₂,wherein R′ is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, at least oneinstance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g.,optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl,optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₃-alkyl,optionally substituted C₁alkyl, optionally substituted C₂alkyl,optionally substituted C₃alkyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkyl. Incertain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² ismethyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹²is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰,R¹¹, and R¹² is hydrogen or methyl.

As understood from the present disclosure, Ring HET optionally comprisesa group -L¹-R³ attached thereto. In certain embodiments, Ring HET doesnot comprise a group of formula -L¹-R³ attached thereto, but in otherembodiments, Ring HET does comprise a group of formula -L¹-R³ attachedthereto. In certain embodiments, -L¹-R³ is meta to the point ofattachment of Ring HET to the parent moiety. In certain embodiments,-L¹-R³ is meta to -L²-R¹³. In certain embodiments, R³ is an acyclicmoiety selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionallysubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, or optionallysubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is a cyclic moietyselected from the group consisting of optionally substitutedcarbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substitutedaryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³is directly attached to the Ring HET, i.e., wherein L¹ is a bond,provided that R³ is not also hydrogen. In other embodiments, R³ isindirectly attached to Ring HET, i.e., wherein L¹ is a linking group.

As generally defined herein, L¹ is a bond, —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—,—C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—,—OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—,—C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—,—C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—,—N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, or an optionallysubstituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, whereinone or more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—,—N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—,—C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—,—SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—,—C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—,—SO₂N(R^(L))—, and —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— is optionally and independentlypresent between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, andoptionally and independently present at one or both ends of thehydrocarbon chain. It is understood that the linker joining R³ to RingHET may comprise one or more of the above recited moieties incombination to form the group L¹.

In certain embodiments, L¹ is a bond. In certain embodiments, L¹ is abond, and R³ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl, or optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, L¹is a bond, and R³ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionallysubstituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, L¹ is —O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S—. In certain embodiments,L¹ is —C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)O—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —C(O)S—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —OC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—OC(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—NR^(L)C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —SC(O)—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—C(═NNR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(═NOR^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(S)—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —C(S)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—NR^(L)C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S(O)—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —OS(O)₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S(O)₂O—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—N(R^(L))SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—.

In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturatedor unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, e.g., in certain embodiments, L¹ is anoptionally substituted C₁₀ alkyl chain, L¹ is an optionally substitutedC₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, or L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynylchain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl chain,optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl chain, or optionallysubstituted C₁₋₂ alkyl chain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is anunsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl chain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein xis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In certain embodiments, L¹ is anoptionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, e.g., an optionallysubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenylchain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl chain, optionally substitutedC₂₋₃ alkenyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkenyl chain. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynylchain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl chain, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynylchain, optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl chain, or optionallysubstituted C₂ alkynyl chain.

In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturatedor unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more moieties selectedfrom the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—,—C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—,—OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—,—C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—,—C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—,—N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, or —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— independentlypresent between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present atone or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In this instance, in certainembodiments, L¹ is a chain of at least 2 atoms, e.g., L¹ is a chaincomprising 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10carbon atoms), and 1 or more of the above recited moieties (e.g., 1, 2,3, or more), to provide a chain of between 2 and 20 atoms, inclusive,e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or20 chain atoms. In certain embodiments, a moiety is present between twocarbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, a moietyis present at one end of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments,a moiety is independently present at each end of the hydrocarbon chain.In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkylchain, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, or L¹ is anoptionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain comprising one or more of theabove recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms ofthe hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbonchain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl chain,optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl chain, or optionallysubstituted C₁₋₂ alkyl chain, comprising one or more of the aboverecited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of thehydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbonchain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ n-alkylchain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, or 10, comprising one or more of the above recited moietiesindependently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain,or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certainembodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, e.g.,an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl chain, optionally substitutedC₂₋₆ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl chain,optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkenyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂alkenyl chain, comprising one or more of the above recited moietiesindependently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain,or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certainembodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain, e.g.,an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl chain, optionally substitutedC₂₋₆ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl chain,optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂alkynyl chain, comprising one or more of the above recited moietiesindependently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain,or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain.

As described above, in certain embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀n-alkyl chain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, or 10, comprising one or more of the above recited moietiesindependently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain,or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —O—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—O—, or —O—(CH₂)_(x)—O—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—, —O—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, or—OC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S—(CH₂)_(x)—or —(CH₂)_(x)—S—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)O—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)S—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)S—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—C(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—OC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—OC(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OC(O)N(R^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—NR^(L)C(O)O—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)O—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —SC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SC(O)—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —C(═NR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)C(═NR^(L))—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —C(═NNR^(L))—(CH₂)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NNR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—C(═NOR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)—C(═NOR^(L))—. In certain embodiments,L¹ is —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—.In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—C(S)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—C(S)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)—C(S)N(R^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(S)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(S)—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —S(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—S(O)—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —OS(O)₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OS(O)₂—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —S(O)₂O—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—S(O)₂O—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —SO₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SO₂—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —N(R^(L))SO₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—SO₂N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is a bond,—N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L), —(CH₂)_(x)—O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—,—NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or—NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—.

In certain embodiments, R³ is an acyclic moiety selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, and optionally substituted alkynyl. In certainembodiments, R³ is hydrogen, e.g., for example, when L¹ is —N(R^(L))— or—NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionallysubstituted alkyl, e.g., for example, when L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)—(CH₂)—C(O)O—, or —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—. In certain embodiments,R³ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, e.g., optionally substitutedC₁₋₅ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substitutedC₁₋₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substitutedC₃-alkyl, optionally substituted C₁alkyl, optionally substitutedC₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₄alkyl,optionally substituted C₅alkyl, or optionally substituted C₆alkyl.Exemplary R³ C₁₋₆alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl(C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄),tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅),3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅),tertiary amyl (C₅), and n-hexyl (C₆). In certain embodiments, R³ isalkyl substituted with —CN, e.g., —(CH₂)_(y)CN, wherein y is 1, 2, 3, 4,5, or 6. In certain embodiments, R³ is alkyl substituted with hydroxy orsubstituted hydroxy, e.g., —(CH₂)_(y)OCH₃, wherein y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,or 6. In certain embodiments, R³ is alkyl substituted with amino orsubstituted substituted amino, e.g., —(CH₂)_(y)NH₂, wherein y is 1, 2,3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substitutedalkenyl, e.g., for example, when L¹ is a bond. In certain embodiments,R³ is optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, e.g., optionally substitutedC₂₋₃alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃-alkenyl, optionally substitutedC₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃alkenyl, or optionally substitutedC₄alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substitutedC₂alkenyl or C₃alkenyl, e.g., optionally substituted vinyl or optionallysubstituted allyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substitutedalkynyl, e.g., for example, when L¹ is a bond. In certain embodiments,R³ is optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, e.g., optionally substitutedC₂₋₃alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-alkynyl, optionally substitutedC₂alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃alkynyl, or optionally substitutedC₄alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substitutedC₂alkynyl, e.g., optionally substituted acetylene.

Alternatively, in certain embodiments, R³ is a cyclic moiety selectedfrom the group consisting of optionally substituted carbocyclyl,optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, andoptionally substituted heteroaryl. It is understood that the R³ cyclicmoiety may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic). Incertain embodiments, R³ is a monocyclic optionally substitutedcarbocyclyl, monocyclic optionally substituted heterocyclyl, monocyclicoptionally substituted aryl, or monocyclic optionally substitutedheteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is a bicyclic optionallysubstituted carbocyclyl, bicyclic optionally substituted heterocyclyl,bicyclic optionally substituted aryl, or bicyclic optionally substitutedheteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic orbicyclic carbocyclyl, e.g., an optionally substituted C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl,optionally substituted C₃₋₉ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₈carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, optionallysubstituted C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄carbocyclyl,optionally substituted C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₄ carbocyclyl, optionallysubstituted C₅ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆ carbocyclyl,optionally substituted C₇ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₈carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₉ carbocyclyl, or optionallysubstituted C₁₀ carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionallysubstituted cyclopropyl (C₃), cyclopropenyl (C₃), cyclobutyl (C₄),cyclobutenyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclopentenyl (C₅), cyclohexyl(C₆), cyclohexenyl (C₆), cyclohexadienyl (C₆), cycloheptyl (C₇),cycloheptenyl (C₇), cycloheptadienyl (C₇), cycloheptatrienyl (C₇),cyclooctyl (C₈), cyclooctenyl (C₈), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C₇),bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C₈), cyclononyl (C₉), cyclononenyl (C₉),cyclodecyl (C₁₀), cyclodecenyl (C₁₀), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C₉),decahydronaphthalenyl (C₁₀), or spiro[4.5]decanyl (C₁₀) ring.

In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic orbicyclic heterocyclyl, e.g., an optionally substituted 3- to 10-memberedheterocyclyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 6-memberedheterocyclyl, 3- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 4-memberedheterocyclyl, 3-membered heterocyclyl, 4-membered heterocyclyl,5-membered heterocyclyl, 6-membered heterocyclyl, 7-memberedheterocyclyl, 8-membered heterocyclyl, 9-membered heterocyclyl, or10-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionallysubstituted azirdinyl, oxiranyl, thiorenyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl,thietanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, pyrrolidin-2-one,pyrrolyl-2,5-dione, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl,oxazolidin-2-one, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, thiadiazolinyl,piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, thianyl, piperazinyl,morpholinyl, dithianyl, dioxanyl, triazinanyl, azepanyl, oxepanyl,thiepanyl, azocanyl, oxecanyl, thiocanyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl,dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl,tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, furo[2,3-b]furanyl,2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxinyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, or8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic orbicyclic aryl, e.g., an optionally substituted phenyl, or optionallysubstituted naphthyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic orbicyclic heteroaryl, e.g., an optionally substituted 5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered heteroaryl,optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, optionallysubstituted 5-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 6-memberedheteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substitutedpyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl,thiepinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl,benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl,benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl,benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, purinyl,naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl,quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, or quinazolinyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R³ is a cyclic moiety selected from the groupconsisting of

wherein:

each instance of

independently represents a single or double bond;

n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

each instance of R^(3A) is independently hydroxyl, substituted hydroxyl,thiol, substituted thiol, amino, substituted amino, carbonyl, sulfonyl,sulfinyl, —CN, —NO₂, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or twoR^(3A) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic,optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, oroptionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(3A) and R^(3B) groups arejoined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionallysubstituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionallysubstituted heteroaryl ring; and

R^(3B) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogenprotecting group.

In certain embodiments, n is 0. In certain embodiments, n is 1. Incertain embodiments, n is 2. In certain embodiments, n is 3. In certainembodiments, each instance of R^(3A) is independently hydroxyl, —OCH₃,optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl (e.g., methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, secbutyl, tertbutyl), —CN, orsulfonyl (e.g., —S(O)₂CH₃).

As generally defined herein, L² is a bond, —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—,—C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—,—OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—,—C(═NNR^(L)—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—,—C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—,—N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, or an optionallysubstituted C₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein oneor more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—,—S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—,—OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—,—C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—,—C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—,—N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, and —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— is optionallyand independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbonchain, and optionally and independently present at one or both ends ofthe hydrocarbon chain. It is understood that the linker joining R¹³ toRing HET may comprise one or more of the above recited moieties incombination to form the group L².

In certain embodiments, L² is a bond. In certain embodiments, L² is —O—.In certain embodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is—S—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is—C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)S—. In certain embodiments,L² is —C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is—C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L is —OC(O)—. In certainembodiments, L¹ is —OC(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is—NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —SC(O)—.In certain embodiments, L² is —C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L²is —C(═NNR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(═NOR^(L))—. Incertain embodiments, L² is —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments,L² is —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(S)—. Incertain embodiments, L² is —C(S)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is—NR^(L)C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —S(O)—. In certainembodiments, L² is —OS(O)₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S(O)₂O—. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is —SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is—N(R^(L))SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L² is —SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—.

In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturatedor unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, e.g., in embodiments, L² is anoptionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl chain, L² is an optionallysubstituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, or L² is an optionally substitutedC₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain. In certain embodiments, L² is an optionallysubstituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₁₋₈alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl chain, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl chain,or optionally substituted C₁₋₂ alkyl chain. In certain embodiments, L²is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl chain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—,wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In certain embodiments,L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, e.g., an optionallysubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenylchain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl chain, optionally substitutedC₂₋₃ alkenyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkenyl chain. Incertain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynylchain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₂ s alkynyl chain, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynylchain, optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl chain, or optionallysubstituted C₂ alkynyl chain.

In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturatedor unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more moieties selectedfrom the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—,—C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—,—OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—,—C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—,—C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—,—N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, or —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— independentlypresent between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present atone or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In this instance, in certainembodiments, L² is a chain of at least 2 atoms, e.g., L² is a chaincomprising 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10carbon atoms), and 1 or more of the above recited moieties (e.g., 1, 2,3, or more), to provide a chain of between 2 and 20 atoms, inclusive,e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or20 chain atoms. In certain embodiments, a moiety is present between twocarbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, a moietyis present at one end of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments,a moiety is independently present at each end of the hydrocarbon chain.In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkylchain, L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, or L² is anoptionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain comprising one or more of theabove recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms ofthe hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbonchain. In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₁₀ alkylchain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl chain, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl chain,optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl chain, or optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl chain, comprising one or more of the above recited moietiesindependently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain,or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certainembodiments, L² is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl chain of the formula—(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, comprisingone or more of the above recited moieties independently present betweentwo carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or bothends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L² is anoptionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, e.g., an optionallysubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenylchain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl chain, optionally substitutedC₂₋₃ alkenyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkenyl chain,comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independentlypresent between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present atone or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L² isan optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain, e.g., an optionallysubstituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynylchain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl chain, optionally substitutedC₂₋₃ alkynyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkynyl chain,comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independentlypresent between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present atone or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain.

As described above, in certain embodiments, L² is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀n-alkyl chain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, or 10, comprising one or more of the above recited moietiesindependently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain,or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certainembodiments, L² is —O—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—O—, or —O—(CH₂)_(x)—O—. Incertain embodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—, —O—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, or—OC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —S—(CH₂)_(x)—or —(CH₂)_(x)—S—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)O—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)S—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)S—. In certain embodiments, L² is—C(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L² is —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is—OC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is—OC(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OC(O)N(R^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)—. Incertain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is—NR^(L)C(O)O—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)O—. In certainembodiments, L² is —SC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SC(O)—. In certainembodiments, L² is —C(═NR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)C(═NR^(L))—. Incertain embodiments, L² is —C(═NNR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NNR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is—C(═NOR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NOR^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L² is —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is—NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L² is —C(S)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(S)—. In certainembodiments, L² is —C(S)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(S)N(R^(L))—.In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(S)—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —S(O)—(CH₂)_(x)—or —(CH₂)_(x)—S(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —OS(O)₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—OS(O)₂—. In certain embodiments, L² is —S(O)₂O—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—S(O)₂O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —SO₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))SO₂—(CH₂)_(x)—or —(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L² is—SO₂N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certainembodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond,—N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L-)(CH₂)_(x)—O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—,—NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or—NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—.

As generally defined herein, R¹³ attached directly (wherein L² is abond) or indirectly (wherein L² is a linking group) to Ring HET is acyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of optionallysubstituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl. It isunderstood that the R¹³ cyclic moiety may be monocyclic or polycyclic(e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic). In certain embodiments, R¹³ is amonocyclic optionally substituted carbocyclyl, monocyclic optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl, monocyclic optionally substituted aryl, ormonocyclic optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments,R¹³ is a bicyclic optionally substituted carbocyclyl, bicyclicoptionally substituted heterocyclyl, bicyclic optionally substitutedaryl, or bicyclic optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic orbicyclic carbocyclyl, e.g., an optionally substituted C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl,optionally substituted C₃₋₉ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₈carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, optionallysubstituted C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃-carbocyclyl,optionally substituted C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₄ carbocyclyl, optionallysubstituted C₅ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆ carbocyclyl,optionally substituted C₇ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₈carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₉ carbocyclyl, or optionallysubstituted C₁₀ carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is anoptionally substituted cyclopropyl (C₃), cyclopropenyl (C₃), cyclobutyl(C₄), cyclobutenyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclopentenyl (C₅),cyclohexyl (C₆), cyclohexenyl (C₆), cyclohexadienyl (C₆), cycloheptyl(C₇), cycloheptenyl (C₇), cycloheptadienyl (C₇), cycloheptatrienyl (C₇),cyclooctyl (C₈), cyclooctenyl (C₈), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C₇),bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C₈), cyclononyl (C₉), cyclononenyl (C₉),cyclodecyl (C₁₀), cyclodecenyl (C₁₀), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C₉),decahydronaphthalenyl (C₁₀), or spiro[4.5]decanyl (C₁₀) ring.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic orbicyclic heterocyclyl, e.g., an optionally substituted 3- to 10-memberedheterocyclyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 6-memberedheterocyclyl, 3- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 4-memberedheterocyclyl, 3-membered heterocyclyl, 4-membered heterocyclyl,5-membered heterocyclyl, 6-membered heterocyclyl, 7-memberedheterocyclyl, 8-membered heterocyclyl, 9-membered heterocyclyl, or10-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionallysubstituted azirdinyl, oxiranyl, thiorenyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl,thietanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, pyrrolidin-2-one,pyrrolyl-2,5-dione, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl,oxazolidin-2-one, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, thiadiazolinyl,piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, thianyl, piperazinyl,morpholinyl, dithianyl, dioxanyl, triazinanyl, azepanyl, oxepanyl,thiepanyl, azocanyl, oxecanyl, thiocanyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl,dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl,tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, furo[2,3-b]furanyl,2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxinyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, or8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic orbicyclic aryl, e.g., an optionally substituted phenyl, or optionallysubstituted naphthyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic orbicyclic heteroaryl, e.g., an optionally substituted 5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered heteroaryl,optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, optionallysubstituted 5-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 6-memberedheteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substitutedpyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl,thiepinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl,benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl,benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl,benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, purinyl,naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl,quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, or quinazolinyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ is a cyclic moiety selected from the groupconsisting of:

wherein:

each instance of

independently represents a single or double bond;

m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

each instance of R^(13A) is independently hydroxyl, substitutedhydroxyl, thiol, substituted thiol, amino, substituted amino, carbonyl,sulfonyl, sulfinyl, —CN, —NO₂, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, ortwo R^(13A) groups are joined to form an optionally substitutedcarbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substitutedaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(13A) and R^(13B)group are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic,optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, oroptionally substituted heteroaryl ring; and

R^(13B) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogenprotecting group.

In certain embodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments, m is 1. Incertain embodiments, m is 2. In certain embodiments, m is 3. In certainembodiments, each instance of R^(13A) is independently hydroxyl, —OCH₃,optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl (e.g., methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, secbutyl, tertbutyl), —CN, orsulfonyl (e.g., —S(O)₂CH₃).

As generally defined herein, each R^(L) provided in L¹ and L² isindependently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogenprotecting group, or R^(L) and R³ taken together form an optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, orR^(L) and R¹³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclylor optionally substituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, atleast one instance of R^(L) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, eachinstance of R^(L) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least oneinstance of R^(L) is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g., optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₅alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₁alkyl, optionally substituted C₂alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₄alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₅alkyl, or optionally substituted C₆alkyl. Exemplary R^(L)C₁₋₆alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C₁), ethyl(C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄),sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C), amyl(C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), andn-hexyl (C₆). In certain embodiments, R^(L) is alkyl substituted with—CN, e.g., —(CH₂)_(z)CN, wherein z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certainembodiments, R^(L) is alkyl substituted with hydroxy or substitutedhydroxy, e.g., —(CH₂)_(z)OCH₃, wherein z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Incertain embodiments, R^(L) is alkyl substituted with amino orsubstituted substituted amino, e.g., —(CH₂)_(z)NH₂, wherein z is 1, 2,3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^(L) isa nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R^(L) and R³ takentogether form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, e.g., anoptionally substituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 8-memberedheterocyclyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 5-memberedheterocyclyl, 3- to 4-membered heterocyclyl, 3-membered heterocyclyl,4-membered heterocyclyl, 5-membered heterocyclyl, 6-memberedheterocyclyl, 7-membered heterocyclyl, 8-membered heterocyclyl,9-membered heterocyclyl, or 10-membered heterocyclyl ring. In certainembodiments, R^(L) and R³ taken together form an optionally substitutedheteroaryl ring, e.g., an optionally substituted 5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered heteroaryl,optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, optionallysubstituted 5-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 6-memberedheteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form anoptionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, e.g., an optionallysubstituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 8-memberedheterocyclyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 5-memberedheterocyclyl, 3- to 4-membered heterocyclyl, 3-membered heterocyclyl,4-membered heterocyclyl, 5-membered heterocyclyl, 6-memberedheterocyclyl, 7-membered heterocyclyl, 8-membered heterocyclyl,9-membered heterocyclyl, or 10-membered heterocyclyl ring. In certainembodiments, R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form an optionally substitutedheteroaryl ring, e.g., an optionally substituted 5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered heteroaryl,optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, optionallysubstituted 5-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 6-memberedheteroaryl.

Various combination of the above described embodiments are furthercontemplated herein. For example, in certain embodiments of Formula(I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N, provided is a compound of Formula(I-i):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, Xis —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), andR^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g.,chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionallysubstituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, whereinR^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is abond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—,—NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or—NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N,and G₁₁ is a group of formula C—R¹¹, provided is a compound of Formula(I-j):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, Xis —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), andR^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g.,chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR, —SR, —N(R^(A2))₂, optionallysubstituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, whereinR^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is abond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—,—NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or—NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. Incertain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen or a group -L¹-R³.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N,G₁₁ is C—R¹¹, and G₁₀ is C—R¹⁰, provided is a compound of Formula (I-k):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, Xis —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl. Incertain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen In certainembodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R, —OR,—SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl.In certain embodiments, L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L-)(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—,—NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certainembodiments, R¹³ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionallysubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen or agroup -L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, R¹⁰ is hydrogen or methyl.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N,G₁₁ is C—R¹¹, R¹¹ is -L¹-R³, and G₁₀ is C—R¹⁰, provided is a compound ofFormula (I-l):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, Xis —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), andR^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g.,chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionallysubstituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, whereinR^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is abond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—,—NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or—NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—,—NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certainembodiments, R³ is an acyclic moiety. In certain embodiments, R³ is acyclic moiety. In certain embodiments, R¹⁰ is hydrogen or methyl.

In other embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₀ are both N,provided is a compound of Formula (I-m):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, Xis —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), andR^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g.,chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR, —SR, —N(R^(A2))₂, optionallysubstituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, whereinR^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is abond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—,—NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or—NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionallysubstituted heterocycyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N,and G₁₁ is C—R¹¹, provided is a compound of Formula (I-n):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, Xis —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), andR^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g.,chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR, —SR, —N(R^(A2))₂, optionallysubstituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, whereinR^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is abond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—,—NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or—NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. Incertain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen or a group -L¹-R³.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N,G₁₁ is C—R¹¹, and G₁₂ is C—R¹², provided is a compound of Formula (I-o):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, Xis —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), andR^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g.,chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionallysubstituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, whereinR^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is abond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—,—NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or—NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. Incertain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen or a group -L¹-R³. In certainembodiments, R¹² is hydrogen or methyl.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N,G₁₁ is C—R¹¹, R¹¹ is a group of formula -L¹-R³, and G₁₂ is C—R¹²,provided is a compound of Formula (I-p):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, Xis —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), andR^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g.,chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R², —OR, —SR, —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substitutedcyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substitutedC₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) isoptionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond,—N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—,—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—,—NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or—NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. Incertain embodiments, L¹ is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—,—NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certainembodiments, R³ is an acyclic moiety. In certain embodiments, R³ is acyclic moiety. In certain embodiments, R¹² is hydrogen or methyl.

In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is selected from anyone of the compounds provided in Tables 1 and 2, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Compounds LC-MS m/z # Structure (M + H)  1-1

450.3  2-1

450.3  3-1

444.3  4-1

359.2  5-1

383.2  6-1

387.2  7-1

397.2  8-1

403.3  9-1

408.1 10-1

413.3 11-1

413.3 12-1

414.2 13-1

415.3 14-1

416.3 15-1

416.3 16-1

416.3 17-1

419.2 18-1

420.1 19-1

427.2 20-1

428.3 21-1

429.3 22-1

430.3 23-1

434.2 24-1

443.2 25-1

443.3 26-1

444.3 27-1

444.4 28-1

447.3 29-1

449.2 30-1

449.2 31-1

449.2 32-1

450.2 33-1

454.3 34-1

455.3 35-1

458.2 36-1

458.4 37-1

458.3 38-1

460.2 39-1

460.2 40-1

464.3 41-1

464.2 42-1

466.1 43-1

469.0 44-1

469.2 45-1

470.3 46-1

475.2 47-1

475.2 48-1

476.0 49-1

478.2 50-1

478.1 51-1

481.3 52-1

486.3 53-1

486.2 54-1

487.1 55-1

489.3 56-1

496.3 57-1

498.1 58-1

498.2 59-1

507.1 60-1

507.2 61-1

509.2 62-1

525.0 63-1

526.2 64-1

527.2 65-1

532.2 66-1

534.2 67-1

536.3 68-1

536.3 69-1

537.3 70-1

538.3 71-1

545.2 72-1

545.2 73-1

554.2 74-1

559.2 75-1

561.0

TABLE 2 Exemplary Compounds # Structure LC-MS m/z (M + H)  1-2

387.2  2-2

401.3  3-2

402.2  4-2

413.2  5-2

413.3  6-2

415.3  7-2

416.3  8-2

416.3  9-2

416.3 10-2

429.3 11-2

436.3 12-2

444.3 13-2

444.2 14-2

450.2 15-2

458.2 16-2

489.2

In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1. In certainembodiments, a provided compound inhibits wild-type CARM1. In certainembodiments, a provided compound inhibits a mutant CARM1. In certainembodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1, e.g., as measured in anassay described herein. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 is from ahuman. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1 at anIC₅₀ less than or equal to 10 μM. In certain embodiments, a providedcompound inhibits CARM1 at an IC₅₀ less than or equal to 1 μM. Incertain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1 at an IC₅₀ lessthan or equal to 0.1 μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compoundinhibits CARM1 in a cell at an EC₅₀ less than or equal to 10 μM. Incertain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1 in a cell at anEC₅₀ less than or equal to 1 μM. In certain embodiments, a providedcompound inhibits CARM1 in a cell at an EC₅₀ less than or equal to 0.1μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits cellproliferation at an EC₅₀ less than or equal to 10 μM. In certainembodiments, a provided compound inhibits cell proliferation at an EC₅₀less than or equal to 1 μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compoundinhibits cell proliferation at an EC₅₀ less than or equal to 0.1 μM. Insome embodiments, a provided compound is selective for CARM1 over othermethyltransferases. In certain embodiments, a provided compound is atleast about 10-fold selective, at least about 20-fold selective, atleast about 30-fold selective, at least about 40-fold selective, atleast about 50-fold selective, at least about 60-fold selective, atleast about 70-fold selective, at least about 80-fold selective, atleast about 90-fold selective, or at least about 100-fold selective forPRMT1 relative to one or more other methyltransferases.

It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the CARM1can be wild-type CARM1, or any mutant or variant of CARM1.

The present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising acompound described herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, andoptionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. It will beunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the compoundsdescribed herein, or salts thereof, may be present in various forms,such as amorphous, hydrates, solvates, or polymorphs. In certainembodiments, a provided composition comprises two or more compoundsdescribed herein. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided in aneffective amount in the pharmaceutical composition. In certainembodiments, the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective forinhibiting CARM1. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is anamount effective for treating a CARM1-mediated disorder. In certainembodiments, the effective amount is a prophylactically effectiveamount. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amounteffective to prevent a CARM1-mediated disorder.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include any and all solvents,diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersions, suspension aids,surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifyingagents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants, and the like, assuited to the particular dosage form desired. General considerations informulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions agents canbe found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, SixteenthEdition, E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980), andRemington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005).

Pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be prepared by anymethod known in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatorymethods include the steps of bringing a compound described herein (the“active ingredient”) into association with a carrier and/or one or moreother accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable,shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single- ormulti-dose unit.

Pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold inbulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses.As used herein, a “unit dose” is discrete amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient.The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage ofthe active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or aconvenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half orone-third of such a dosage.

Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in apharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure will vary,depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subjecttreated and further depending upon the route by which the composition isto be administered. By way of example, the composition may comprisebetween 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture ofprovided pharmaceutical compositions include inert diluents, dispersingand/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers,disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents,lubricating agents, and/or oils. Excipients such as cocoa butter andsuppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening,flavoring, and perfuming agents may also be present in the composition.

Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calciumphosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogenphosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose,microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodiumchloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include potato starch,corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginicacid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose and woodproducts, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate,silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone)(crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate),carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500),microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate,quaternary ammonium compounds, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include naturalemulsifiers (e.g., acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate,tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk,casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays(e.g., bentonite (aluminum silicate) and Veegum (magnesium aluminumsilicate)), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weightalcohols (e.g., stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetinmonostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, andpropylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g.,carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, andcarboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g.,carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g., polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tween 60),polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), sorbitan monopalmitate(Span 40), sorbitan monostearate (Span 60], sorbitan tristearate (Span65), glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate (Span 80)),polyoxyethylene esters (e.g., polyoxyethylene monostearate (Myrj 45),polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil,polyoxymethylene stearate, and Solutol), sucrose fatty acid esters,polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g., Cremophor™),polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g., polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij 30)),poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamineoleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyllaurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic F68, Poloxamer 188, cetrimoniumbromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusatesodium, and/or mixtures thereof.

Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g., cornstarch and starchpaste), gelatin, sugars (e.g., sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin,molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.), natural and synthetic gums(e.g., acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum,ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose,methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose,cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate(Veegum), and larch arabogalactan), alginates, polyethylene oxide,polyethylene glycol, inorganic calcium salts, silicic acid,polymethacrylates, waxes, water, alcohol, and/or mixtures thereof.

Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents,antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcoholpreservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives.

Exemplary antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbylpalmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene,monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propylgallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, andsodium sulfite.

Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodiumedetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassiumedetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof(e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydratesthereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid andsalts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydratesthereof. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkoniumchloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide,cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol,chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea,phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate,propylene glycol, and thimerosal.

Exemplary antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methylparaben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoicacid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodiumpropionate, and sorbic acid.

Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol,phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate,and phenylethyl alcohol. Exemplary acidic preservatives include vitaminA, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid,dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.

Other preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroximemesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylatedhydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS),sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodiummetabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant Plus,Phenonip, methylparaben, Germall 115, Germaben II, Neolone, Kathon, andEuxyl. In certain embodiments, the preservative is an anti-oxidant. Inother embodiments, the preservative is a chelating agent.

Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetatebuffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calciumcarbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate,calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calciumglycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate,pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasiccalcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate,potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasicpotassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphatemixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodiumcitrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodiumphosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide,aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline,Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate, calciumstearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate,hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate,sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate,sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu,bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway,carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee,corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed,geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate,jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademianut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange,orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed,pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood,sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, shea butter, silicone,soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki, vetiver, walnut, andwheat germ oils. Exemplary synthetic oils include, but are not limitedto, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride,cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate,mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and mixturesthereof.

Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration includepharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions,suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredients,the liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in theart such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agentsand emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylcarbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (e.g., cottonseed,groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol,tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid estersof sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oralcompositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifyingand suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. Incertain embodiments for parenteral administration, the compoundsdescribed herein are mixed with solubilizing agents such as Cremophor™,alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins,polymers, and mixtures thereof.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous oroleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the known artusing suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. Thesterile injectable preparation can be a sterile injectable solution,suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent orsolvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among theacceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water,Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Inaddition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solventor suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can beemployed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fattyacids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, byfiltration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporatingsterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which canbe dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectablemedium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slowthe absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.This can be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension ofcrystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rateof absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolutionwhich, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form.Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drugform is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oilvehicle.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typicallysuppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds describedherein with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoabutter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid atambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt inthe rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets,pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the activeingredient is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphateand/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose,glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example,carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone,sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegratingagents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch,alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solutionretarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such asquaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example,cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolinand bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate,magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate,and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, thedosage form may comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in softand hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose ormilk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and thelike. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, andgranules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as entericcoatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulatingart. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of acomposition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, orpreferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally,in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can beused include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of asimilar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatincapsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as highmolecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The active ingredient can be in micro-encapsulated form with one or moreexcipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees,capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shellssuch as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and othercoatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such soliddosage forms the active ingredient can be admixed with at least oneinert diluent such as sucrose, lactose, or starch. Such dosage forms maycomprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inertdiluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such amagnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case ofcapsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage forms may comprise bufferingagents. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of acomposition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, orpreferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally,in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can beused include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of a providedcompound may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders,solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Generally, the activeingredient is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and/or any desired preservatives and/or buffers ascan be required. Additionally, the present disclosure encompasses theuse of transdermal patches, which often have the added advantage ofproviding controlled delivery of an active ingredient to the body. Suchdosage forms can be prepared, for example, by dissolving and/ordispensing the active ingredient in the proper medium. Alternatively oradditionally, the rate can be controlled by either providing a ratecontrolling membrane and/or by dispersing the active ingredient in apolymer matrix and/or gel.

Formulations suitable for topical administration include, but are notlimited to, liquid and/or semi liquid preparations such as liniments,lotions, oil in water and/or water in oil emulsions such as creams,ointments and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions.Topically-administrable formulations may, for example, comprise fromabout 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although theconcentration of the active ingredient can be as high as the solubilitylimit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topicaladministration may further comprise one or more of the additionalingredients described herein.

A provided pharmaceutical composition can be prepared, packaged, and/orsold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via thebuccal cavity. Such a formulation may comprise dry particles whichcomprise the active ingredient and which have a diameter in the rangefrom about 0.5 to about 7 nanometers or from about 1 to about 6nanometers. Such compositions are conveniently in the form of drypowders for administration using a device comprising a dry powderreservoir to which a stream of propellant can be directed to dispersethe powder and/or using a self-propelling solvent/powder dispensingcontainer such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolvedand/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container. Suchpowders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles byweight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nanometers and at least 95% ofthe particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nanometers.Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diametergreater than 1 nanometer and at least 90% of the particles by numberhave a diameter less than 6 nanometers. Dry powder compositions mayinclude a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are convenientlyprovided in a unit dose form.

Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having aboiling point of below 65° F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally thepropellant may constitute 50 to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and theactive ingredient may constitute 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of the composition.The propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as aliquid non-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent(which may have a particle size of the same order as particlescomprising the active ingredient).

Pharmaceutical compositions formulated for pulmonary delivery mayprovide the active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solutionand/or suspension. Such formulations can be prepared, packaged, and/orsold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions,optionally sterile, comprising the active ingredient, and mayconveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomizationdevice. Such formulations may further comprise one or more additionalingredients including, but not limited to, a flavoring agent such assaccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface activeagent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate. The dropletsprovided by this route of administration may have an average diameter inthe range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers.

Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery areuseful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition. Anotherformulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powdercomprising the active ingredient and having an average particle fromabout 0.2 to 500 micrometers. Such a formulation is administered byrapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of thepowder held close to the nares.

Formulations for nasal administration may, for example, comprise fromabout as little as 0.1% (w/w) and as much as 100% (w/w) of the activeingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredientsdescribed herein. A provided pharmaceutical composition can be prepared,packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for buccal administration. Suchformulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets and/or lozengesmade using conventional methods, and may contain, for example, 0.1 to20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orallydissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or moreof the additional ingredients described herein. Alternately,formulations for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or anaerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising theactive ingredient. Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolizedformulations, when dispersed, may have an average particle and/ordroplet size in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers, andmay further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients describedherein.

A provided pharmaceutical composition can be prepared, packaged, and/orsold in a formulation for ophthalmic administration. Such formulationsmay, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a0.1/1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in anaqueous or oily liquid carrier. Such drops may further comprisebuffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of the additionalingredients described herein. Other opthalmically-administrableformulations which are useful include those which comprise the activeingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation.Ear drops and/or eye drops are contemplated as being within the scope ofthis disclosure.

Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided hereinare principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which aresuitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by theskilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable foradministration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceuticalcompositions suitable for administration to humans in order to renderthe compositions suitable for administration to various animals is wellunderstood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist candesign and/or perform such modification with ordinary experimentation.

Compounds provided herein are typically formulated in dosage unit formfor ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will beunderstood, however, that the total daily usage of provided compositionswill be decided by the attending physician within the scope of soundmedical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level forany particular subject or organism will depend upon a variety of factorsincluding the disease, disorder, or condition being treated and theseverity of the disorder; the activity of the specific active ingredientemployed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight,general health, sex and diet of the subject; the time of administration,route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific activeingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used incombination or coincidental with the specific active ingredientemployed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

The compounds and compositions provided herein can be administered byany route, including enteral (e.g., oral), parenteral, intravenous,intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal,subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal,intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments,creams, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, bucal, sublingual; byintratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation;and/or as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol. Specificallycontemplated routes are oral administration, intravenous administration(e.g., systemic intravenous injection), regional administration viablood and/or lymph supply, and/or direct administration to an affectedsite. In general the most appropriate route of administration willdepend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the agent(e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract),and/or the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is ableto tolerate oral administration).

The exact amount of a compound required to achieve an effective amountwill vary from subject to subject, depending, for example, on species,age, and general condition of a subject, severity of the side effects ordisorder, identity of the particular compound(s), mode ofadministration, and the like. The desired dosage can be delivered threetimes a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day, every thirdday, every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, or every fourweeks. In certain embodiments, the desired dosage can be delivered usingmultiple administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven,eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or moreadministrations).

In certain embodiments, an effective amount of a compound foradministration one or more times a day to a 70 kg adult human maycomprise about 0.0001 mg to about 3000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 2000mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg,about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about1000 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, of a compound per unit dosageform.

In certain embodiments, a compound described herein may be administeredat dosage levels sufficient to deliver from about 0.001 mg/kg to about1000 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kgto about 40 mg/kg, from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, orfrom about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day,one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

In some embodiments, a compound described herein is administered one ormore times per day, for multiple days. In some embodiments, the dosingregimen is continued for days, weeks, months, or years.

It will be appreciated that dose ranges as described herein provideguidance for the administration of provided pharmaceutical compositionsto an adult. The amount to be administered to, for example, a child oran adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or personskilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered toan adult.

It will be also appreciated that a compound or composition, as describedherein, can be administered in combination with one or more additionaltherapeutically active agents. In certain embodiments, a compound orcomposition provided herein is administered in combination with one ormore additional therapeutically active agents that improve itsbioavailability, reduce and/or modify its metabolism, inhibit itsexcretion, and/or modify its distribution within the body. It will alsobe appreciated that the therapy employed may achieve a desired effectfor the same disorder, and/or it may achieve different effects.

The compound or composition can be administered concurrently with, priorto, or subsequent to, one or more additional therapeutically activeagents. In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutically activeagent is a compound of Formula (I). In certain embodiments, theadditional therapeutically active agent is not a compound of Formula(I). In general, each agent will be administered at a dose and/or on atime schedule determined for that agent. In will further be appreciatedthat the additional therapeutically active agent utilized in thiscombination can be administered together in a single composition oradministered separately in different compositions. The particularcombination to employ in a regimen will take into account compatibilityof a provided compound with the additional therapeutically active agentand/or the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved. In general, it isexpected that additional therapeutically active agents utilized incombination be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at whichthey are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilizedin combination will be lower than those utilized individually.

Exemplary additional therapeutically active agents include, but are notlimited to, small organic molecules such as drug compounds (e.g.,compounds approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as providedin the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)), peptides, proteins,carbohydrates, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides,nucleoproteins, mucoproteins, lipoproteins, synthetic polypeptides orproteins, small molecules linked to proteins, glycoproteins, steroids,nucleic acids, DNAs, RNAs, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides,antisense oligonucleotides, lipids, hormones, vitamins, and cells.

Also encompassed by the present disclosure are kits (e.g.,pharmaceutical packs). The kits provided may comprise a providedpharmaceutical composition or compound and a container (e.g., a vial,ampule, bottle, syringe, and/or dispenser package, or other suitablecontainer). In some embodiments, provided kits may optionally furtherinclude a second container comprising a pharmaceutical excipient fordilution or suspension of a provided pharmaceutical composition orcompound. In some embodiments, a provided pharmaceutical composition orcompound provided in the container and the second container are combinedto form one unit dosage form. In some embodiments, a provided kitsfurther includes instructions for use.

Compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for theinhibition of CARM1. In some embodiments, methods of treatingCARM1-mediated disorder in a subject are provided which compriseadministering an effective amount of a compound described herein (e.g.,a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof), to a subject in need of treatment. In certain embodiments, theeffective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certainembodiments, the effective amount is a prophylactically effectiveamount. In certain embodiments, the subject is suffering from aCARM1-mediated disorder. In certain embodiments, the subject issusceptible to a CARM1-mediated disorder.

As used herein, the term “CARM1-mediated disorder” means any disease,disorder, or other pathological condition in which CARM1 is known toplay a role. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present disclosurerelates to treating or lessening the severity of one or more diseases inwhich CARM1 is known to play a role.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method ofinhibiting CARM1 comprising contacting CARM1 with an effective amount ofa compound described herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The CARM1 may be purified orcrude, and may be present in a cell, tissue, or subject. Thus, suchmethods encompass both inhibition of in vitro and in vivo CARM1activity. In certain embodiments, the method is an in vitro method,e.g., such as an assay method. It will be understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art that inhibition of CARM1 does not necessarily requirethat all of the CARM1 be occupied by an inhibitor at once. Exemplarylevels of inhibition of CARM1 include at least 10% inhibition, about 10%to about 25% inhibition, about 25% to about 50% inhibition, about 50% toabout 75% inhibition, at least 50% inhibition, at least 75% inhibition,about 80% inhibition, about 90% inhibition, and greater than 90%inhibition.

In some embodiments, provided is a method of inhibiting CARM1 activityin a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject aneffective amount of a compound described herein (e.g., a compound ofFormula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or apharmaceutical composition thereof.

In certain embodiments, provided is a method of modulating geneexpression or activity in a cell which comprises contacting a cell withan effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the cell in culture invitro. In certain embodiments, the cell is in an animal, e.g., a human.In certain embodiments, the cell is in a subject in need of treatment.

In certain embodiments, provided is a method of modulating transcriptionin a cell which comprises contacting a cell with an effective amount ofa compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In certain embodiments, the cell in culture in vitro. Incertain embodiments, the cell is in an animal, e.g., a human. In certainembodiments, the cell is in a subject in need of treatment.

In certain embodiments, a method is provided of selecting a therapy fora subject having a disease associated with CARM1-mediated disorder ormutation comprising the steps of determining the presence ofCARM1-mediated disorder or gene mutation in the CARM1 gene or andselecting, based on the presence of CARM1-mediated disorder a genemutation in the CARM1 gene a therapy that includes the administration ofa provided compound. In certain embodiments, the disease is cancer.

In certain embodiments, a method of treatment is provided for a subjectin need thereof comprising the steps of determining the presence ofCARM1-mediated disorder or a gene mutation in the CARM1 gene andtreating the subject in need thereof, based on the presence of aCARM1-mediated disorder or gene mutation in the CARM1 gene with atherapy that includes the administration of a provided compound. Incertain embodiments, the subject is a cancer patient.

In some embodiments, a compound provided herein is useful in treating aproliferative disorder, such as cancer. For example, while not beingbound to any particular mechanism, protein arginine methylation by CARM1is a modification that has been implicated in signal transduction, genetranscription, DNA repair and mRNA splicing, among others; andoverexpression of CARM1 within these pathways is often associated withvarious cancers. Thus, compounds which inhibit the action of PRMTs, andspecifically CARM1, as provided herein, are effective in the treatmentof cancer.

In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are effective in treatingcancer through the inhibition of CARM1. For example, CARM1 levels havebeen shown to be elevated in castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC), as well as in aggressive breast tumors (Hong et al., Cancer 2004101, 83-89; El Messaoudi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2006, 103,13351-13356; Majumder et al., Prostate 2006 66, 1292-1301). Thus, insome embodiments, inhibitors of CARM1, as described herein, are usefulin treating cancers associated with aberrant CARM1 activity, e.g., CARM1overexpression or aberrant protein methylation. CARM1 has also beenshown to affect ERα-dependent breast cancer cell differentiation andproliferation (Al-Dhaheri et al., Cancer Res. 2011 71, 2118-2128), thusin some aspects CARM1 inhibitors, as described herein, are useful intreating ERα-dependent breast cancer by inhibiting cell differentiationand proliferation. In another example, CARM1 has been shown to berecruited to the promoter of E2F1 (which encodes a cell cycle regulator)as a transcriptional co-activator (Frietze et al., Cancer Res. 2008 68,301-306). Thus, CARM1-mediated upregulation of E2F1 expression maycontribute to cancer progression and chemoresistance as increasedabundance of E2F1 triggers invasion and metastasis by activating growthreceptor signaling pathways, which in turn promote an antiapoptotictumor environment (Engelmann and Pützer, Cancer Res 2012 72; 571).Accordingly, in some embodiments, the inhibition of CARM1, e.g., bycompounds provided herein, is useful in treating cancers associated withE2F1 upregulation. Thus, without being bound by any particularmechanism, the inhibition of CARM1, e.g., by compounds described herein,is beneficial in the treatment of cancer. CARM1 overexpression has alsobeen demonstrated to be elevated in 75% of colorectal cancers (Kim etal., BMC Cancer, 10, 197). It has been additionally been determined thatdepletion of CARM1 in WNT/β-catenin dysregulated colorectal cancersuppressed anchorage independent growth (Ou et al., Mol. Cancer. Res.,2011 9, 660-670). This, in some embodiments, the inhibition of CARM1,e.g. by compounds provided herein, is useful in colorectal cancerassociated with elevated CARM1 expression or dysregulated WNT/β-cateninsignaling.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are useful for treatinga cancer including, but not limited to, acoustic neuroma,adenocarcinoma, adrenal gland cancer, anal cancer, angiosarcoma (e.g.,lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma),appendix cancer, benign monoclonal gammopathy, biliary cancer (e.g.,cholangiocarcinoma), bladder cancer, breast cancer (e.g., adenocarcinomaof the breast, papillary carcinoma of the breast, mammary cancer,medullary carcinoma of the breast), brain cancer (e.g., meningioma;glioma, e.g., astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma; medulloblastoma), bronchuscancer, carcinoid tumor, cervical cancer (e.g., cervicaladenocarcinoma), choriocarcinoma, chordoma, craniopharyngioma,colorectal cancer (e.g., colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectaladenocarcinoma), epithelial carcinoma, ependymoma, endotheliosarcoma(e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma),endometrial cancer (e.g., uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma), esophagealcancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, Barrett's adenocarinoma),Ewing sarcoma, eye cancer (e.g., intraocular melanoma, retinoblastoma),familiar hypereosinophilia, gall bladder cancer, gastric cancer (e.g.,stomach adenocarcinoma), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), head andneck cancer (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, oral cancer(e.g., oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), throat cancer (e.g.,laryngeal cancer, pharyngeal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer,oropharyngeal cancer)), hematopoietic cancers (e.g., leukemia such asacute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (e.g., B-cell ALL, T-cell ALL), acutemyelocytic leukemia (AML) (e.g., B-cell AML, T-cell AML), chronicmyelocytic leukemia (CML) (e.g., B-cell CML, T-cell CML), and chroniclymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (e.g., B-cell CLL, T-cell CLL); lymphoma suchas Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (e.g., B-cell HL, T-cell HL) and non-Hodgkinlymphoma (NHL) (e.g., B-cell NHL such as diffuse large cell lymphoma(DLCL) (e.g., diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)), follicularlymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma(CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), marginal zone B-cell lymphomas(e.g., mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas, nodalmarginal zone B-cell lymphoma, splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma),primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, lymphoplasmacyticlymphoma (i.e., “Waldenström's macroglobulinemia”), hairy cell leukemia(HCL), immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblasticlymphoma and primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; and T-cellNHL such as precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphomalleukemia, peripheralT-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (e.g., cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (e.g.,mycosis fungiodes, Sezary syndrome), angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma,extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, enteropathy type T-celllymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, anaplasticlarge cell lymphoma); a mixture of one or more leukemiallymphoma asdescribed above; and multiple myeloma (MM)), heavy chain disease (e.g.,alpha chain disease, gamma chain disease, mu chain disease),hemangioblastoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, immunocyticamyloidosis, kidney cancer (e.g., nephroblastoma a.k.a. Wilms' tumor,renal cell carcinoma), liver cancer (e.g., hepatocellular cancer (HCC),malignant hepatoma), lung cancer (e.g., bronchogenic carcinoma, smallcell lung cancer (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC),adenocarcinoma of the lung), leiomyosarcoma (LMS), mastocytosis (e.g.,systemic mastocytosis), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), mesothelioma,myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) (e.g., polycythemia Vera (PV),essential thrombocytosis (ET), agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) a.k.a.myelofibrosis (MF), chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, chronic myelocyticleukemia (CML), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), hypereosinophilicsyndrome (HES)), neuroblastoma, neurofibroma (e.g., neurofibromatosis(NF) type 1 or type 2, schwannomatosis), neuroendocrine cancer (e.g.,gastroenteropancreatic neuroendoctrine tumor (GEP-NET), carcinoidtumor), osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer (e.g., cystadenocarcinoma, ovarianembryonal carcinoma, ovarian adenocarcinoma), papillary adenocarcinoma,pancreatic cancer (e.g., pancreatic andenocarcinoma, intraductalpapillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), Islet cell tumors), penile cancer(e.g., Paget's disease of the penis and scrotum), pinealoma, primitiveneuroectodermal tumor (PNT), prostate cancer (e.g., prostateadenocarcinoma), rectal cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer,skin cancer (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), keratoacanthoma (KA),melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC)), small bowel cancer (e.g.,appendix cancer), soft tissue sarcoma (e.g., malignant fibroushistiocytoma (MFH), liposarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor(MPNST), chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma), sebaceous glandcarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, synovioma, testicular cancer (e.g.,seminoma, testicular embryonal carcinoma), thyroid cancer (e.g.,papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC),medullary thyroid cancer), urethral cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvarcancer (e.g., Paget's disease of the vulva).

CARM1 is also the most abundant PRMT expressed in skeletal muscle cells,and has been found to selectively control the pathways modulatingglycogen metabolism, and associated AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) expression. See, e.g.,Wang et al., Biochem (2012) 444:323-331. Thus, in some embodiments,inhibitors of CARM1, as described herein, are useful in treatingmetabolic disorders, e.g., for example skeletal muscle metabolicdisorders, e.g., glycogen and glucose metabolic disorders. Exemplaryskeletal muscle metabolic disorders include, but are not limited to,Acid Maltase Deficiency (Glycogenosis type 2; Pompe disease), Debrancherdeficiency (Glycogenosis type 3), Phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's;GSD 5), X-linked syndrome (GSD9D), Autosomal recessive syndrome (GSD9B),Tarui's disease (Glycogen storage disease VII; GSD 7), PhosphoglycerateMutase deficiency (Glycogen storage disease X; GSDX; GSD 10), Lactatedehydrogenase A deficiency (GSD 11), Branching enzyme deficiency (GSD4), Aldolase A (muscle) deficiency, β-Enolase deficiency,Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) deficiency, Lafora's disease(Progressive myoclonic epilepsy 2), Glycogen storage disease (Muscle,Type 0, Phosphoglucomutase 1 Deficiency (GSD 14)), and GlycogeninDeficiency (GSD 15).

Scheme 1 shows a general synthesis route to compounds of Formula I-(ii)wherein R^(3′) is the same as R³ as defined above or is a suitableprecursor that may be converted to R³. This method is based on Suzukicoupling reactions of heteroaryl chloride intermediates of generalFormula XI-(ii) with pinacol borane intermediates of general Formula X.In a first step, Suzuki coupling reaction of these intermediates istypically conducted in the presence of a palladium catalyst (e.g.PdCl₂(dppf)) and a base (e.g. potassium carbonate) in an organic solvent(e.g. toluene) at elevated temperature. In a second optional set ofsteps the R^(3′) group as well as other groups in the molecule may beconverted to the defined final substituents in Formula I-(ii). In afinal deprotection step the N-Boc protecting is removed by for exampleusing an acid (e.g. HCl) in a suitable organic solvent (e.g. ethanol) togive certain corresponding embodiments of compounds of Formula I-(ii).

Compounds of general Formula XI-(ii) can be prepared from heteroaryldichlorides of general Formula XX-(ii) as depicted in Scheme 2. Incertain embodiments when L is —N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, or—OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, Buchwald coupling of XX-(ii)respectively with active amines R^(3′)N(R^(L))H, amidesR^(3′)C(O)N(R^(L))H, carbamates —OC(O)N(R^(L))H, or ureas—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))H, may be implemented in the first step. In certainembodiments when L¹ is a bond, and the monocyclic heterocycle corestructure is directly attached to R^(3′) by a carbon-carbon bond, Suzukicoupling of XXI-(i) with boronic acids or ester intermediatesR^(3′)B(OH)₂ may be implemented to yield the corresponding certainembodiments of XI-(ii). In certain embodiments the formation ofcompounds of Formula XI-(ii) using the methods described above can beaccompanied by formation of the regioisomeric intermediate compounds ofFormula XI-(ii)-a. In certain embodiments when a mixture of XI-(ii) andXI-(ii)-regioisomers is formed they may be separated by chromatography.Intermediates of Formula XI-(ii)-a may in turn be implemented to preparecompounds of the invention using the same general method described inScheme 1.

In certain embodiments wherein X in general Formulas I-(ii) is O,pinacol borane intermediates of general Formula X can be prepared usingstandard methods as depicted in Scheme 3. Thus, in a first step3-bromophenols of general structure XXX are treated with epibromohydrinto give epoxides XXXI. Opening of the epoxide group of intermediatesXXXI in with amines of Formula R¹NH₂ in an organic solvent with heatingas necessary followed by protection of the resulting amine withBoc-anhydride gives intermediates XXXII. TBS protection of the alcoholgroup in the next step using t-butyldimethylsilyltriflate givesintermediate bromides XXXIII. In a final step the Br group is convertedto the pinacol borane function to give intermediates XX under standardSuzuki-Miyura conditions.

Certain heteroaryl dichlorides of general Formula XX-(ii) arecommercially available. Certain embodiments of general structure XX-(ii)may be prepared by known methods. For example embodiments ofintermediates of general structure XX-(ii)-x may be prepared fromtrichloropyrimidine intermediates L-(ii)-x as depicted in Scheme 4. Incertain embodiments Suzuki coupling of L-(ii)-x with aryl or heteroarylboronates gives intermediate compounds of Formula L-(ii)-x a wherein R¹¹is aryl or heteroaryl. In certain embodiments Buchwald coupling ofL-(ii)-x with primary or secondary cyclic (e.g. morpholine) or acyclicamines gives intermediate compounds of Formula L-(ii)-x a wherein R¹ isan acyclic or cyclic amino group.

EXAMPLES

In order that the invention described herein may be more fullyunderstood, the following examples are set forth. It should beunderstood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only andare not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner.

Synthetic Methods

The synthesis of an exemplary set of compounds of Formula (I) isprovided below. These compounds are also listed in Tables 1 and 2,infra. Compounds provided in Tables 1 and 2 have been prepared followingExamples 1-3.

Example 1 Preparation of1-(3-(4-(methyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)-6-(pyridine-4-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-(methylamino)propan-2-ol

Step 1: Synthesis of(2,6-dichloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amine

To a solution of 2,4,6-trichloro-pyrimidine (9.2 g, 50 mmol) andtriethylamine (10.1 g, 100 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL) was addedN-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-amine (5.17 g, 45 mmol) dropwise at −40°C. The mixture was warmed up to room temperature then stirred for 14 h.,quenched with H₂O (25 mL), concentrated and the residue was extractedwith EtOAc (100 mL×3). The combined organic layers were dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified bychromatographic column on silica gel (petroleum ether/EtOAc=30/1 to 2/1)to give(2,6-dichloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)amine aswhite solid (7.8 g, 60% yield). ESI-LCMS (m/z): 263.14 [M+1]⁺;

Step 2: Synthesis of[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester and[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{2-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of(2,6-dichloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)amine (0.4g, 1.5 mmol) in degassed dioxane and H₂O (4/1, 25 mL) was added Na₂CO₃(315 mg, 3.0 mmol); Pd(PPh₃)₄ (86 mg, 0.075 mmol) and{2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxy]-propyl}-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (703 mg, 1.35 mmol). The system was purged with N₂stream and the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 2 h., cooled to roomtemperature, diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50mL×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to give[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (373 mg, 40% yield) as major product. ESI-LCMS(m/z): 411.2 [M+1]⁺ along with the minor product[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{2-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (140 mg, 15% yield). ESI-LCMS (m/z): 411.2 [M+1]⁺.

Step 3: Synthesis of[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (160 mg, 0.26 mmol) in degassed dioxane and H₂O(4/1, 25 mL) was added Na₂CO₃ (83 mg, 0.78 mmol); Pd(PPh₃)₄ (30 mg,0.026 mmol) and pyridin-4-ylboronic acid (64 mg, 0.52 mmol). The systemwas purged with N₂ stream and the mixture was stirred 100° C. for 2 h.,cooled down to room temperature, diluted with water (25 mL) andextracted with EtOAc (25 mL×2). The organic layers were combined, driedover Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified bychromatographic column on silica gel (petroleum ether/EtOAc=10/1 to 1/1)to give[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (128 mg, 75% yield). ESI-LCMS (m/z): 664.4 [M+1]⁺.

Step 4: Synthesis of1-methylamino-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propan-2-ol

A solution of[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (135 mg, 0.20 mmol) was treated with a 2.5 N HClsolution in methanol (10 mL) and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 4 h., concentrated under vacuum and the residue waspurified by preparative HPLC to give1-methylamino-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propan-2-olas white solid (49 mg, 56% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ ppm:8.72-8.70 (m, 2H), 8.23 (brs, 2H), 8.14-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.43 (t, J=8.5 Hz,1H), 7.16-7.10 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.08 (m, 4H), 3.72-3.65(m, 2H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.00-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.09-1.98 (m,2H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 2H). ESI-LCMS: 450.5 (M+1)⁺.

Example 2 Preparation of1-Methylamino-3-(3-{6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propan-2-ol

Step 5: Synthesis of[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{2-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (160 mg, 0.26 mmol) in degassed dioxane and H₂O(4/1, 25 mL) was added Na₂CO₃ (83 mg, 0.78 mmol); Pd(PPh₃)₄ (30 mg,0.026 mmol) and pyridin-4-ylboronic acid (64 mg, 0.52 mmol). The systempurged with N₂ stream and the mixture was stirred to 100° C. for 2 h.,cooled down to room temperature, diluted with water (25 mL) andextracted with EtOAc (25 mL×2). The organic layers were combined, driedover Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified bychromatographic column on silica gel (petroleum ether/EtOAc=10/1 to 2/3)to give[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (135 mg, 79% yield). ESI-LCMS (m/z): 664.4 [M+1]⁺.

Step 6: Synthesis of1-Methylamino-3-(3-{6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propan-2-ol

A solution of[2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (128 mg, 0.19 mmol) was treated with a 2.5 N HClsolution in methanol, (10 mL), and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 4 h., concentrated under vacuum and the residue waspurified by preparative HPLC to give1-methylamino-3-(3-{6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propan-2-olas white solid (52 mg, 57% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ ppm: 8.71(d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 8.47 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H),4.22-4.17 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.09 (m, 4H), 3.74-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.15 (s, 3H),2.96-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.73 (m, 2H);LCMS: 450.3 (M+H)⁺;

Example 3 Preparation of1-(3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-(methylamino)propan-2-ol

Step 1: Synthesis of(R)-2,6-dichloro-5-methyl-N-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine

A mixture of 2,4,6-trichloro-5-methylpyrimidine (2 g, 10.2 mmol),(R)-tetrahydro-furan-3-amine hydrochloride (1.12 g, 9.2 mmol) and Et₃N(2.1 g, 20.3 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for14 h., concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified bychromatographic column on silica gel (EtOAc/petroleum ether, gradientelution, from 1/10 to 2/1) to give the(R)-2,6-dichloro-5-methyl-N-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine(1.25 g, 53% yield) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS (m/z): 248.1 [M+1]⁺.

Step 2: Synthesis of(R)-3-(4-chloro-5-methyl-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol

To a solution of of(R)-2,6-dichloro-5-methyl-N-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (1.8g, 7.3 mmol) in degassed dioxane and H₂O (4/1, 21 mL) was added Na₂CO₃(1.5 g, 14.5 mmol); Pd(PPh₃)₄ (296 mg, 0.36 mmol) and3-hydroxy-phenylboronic acid (1.21 g, 8.8 mmol). The system was purgedwith nitrogen stream and then stirred at 100° C. for 14 h., cooled downto room temperature, diluted with water (30 mL) and the resultingmixture extracted with EtOAc (30 mL×2). The combined organic layer weredried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purifiedby chromatographic column on silica gel (EtOAc/petroleum ether, gradientelution, from 1/10 to 2:1) to give(R)-3-(4-chloro-5-methyl-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol (2.4 g, 33%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS (m/z): 306.1 [M+1]⁺.

Step 3: Synthesis of(R)-3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol

A mixture of(R)-3-(4-chloro-5-methyl-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol (800 mg, 2.6 mmol); neat morpholine (274 mg, 3.1 mmol) and Na₂CO₃(556 mg, 5.2 mmol) in EtOH (12 mL) was stirred at 80° C. in a sealedvial for 14 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate wasconcentrated. The residue was purified by chromatographic column onsilica gel (EtOAc/petroleum ether, gradient elution, from 1/2 to 2/1) togive the(R)-3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol(120 mg, 13% yield) as a light yellow solid. ESI-LCMS (m/z): 357.1[M+1]⁺.

Step 4: Synthesis of5-methyl-6-morpholino-2-(3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-N—((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine

A mixture of(R)-3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol(50 mg, 0.14 mmol); 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane (16 mg, 0.17 mmol) and K₂CO₃(39 mg, 0.28 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) was heated at 80° C. in a sealed vialfor 14 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated.The residue was purified by chromatographic column on silica gel(EtOAc/petroleum ether, gradient elution, from 1/5 to 4:1) to give the5-methyl-6-morpholino-2-(3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-N—((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine(20 mg, 34% yield) as a light yellow solid. ESI-LCMS (m/z): 413.2[M+1]⁺.

Step 5: Synthesis of1-(3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-(methylamino)propan-2-ol

5-Methyl-6-morpholino-2-(3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-N—((R)-tetra-hydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine(20 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in a 2N MeNH₂ solution in methanol, (10mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 14 h.,concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by preparativeHPLC to obtain the1-(3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-(methyl-amino)propan-2-ol(8 mg, 37% yield) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δppm:8.02-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.34 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.00 (m, 1H),4.85-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.14 (m, 2H), 4.07-4.01 (m, 3H), 3.93-3.84 (m,5H), 3.78-3.74 (m, 1H), 2.96-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.88-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.53 (s,3H), 2.42-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.04 (m, 4H); ESI-LCMS (m/z): 444.3 [M+1]⁺.

Biological Assays General Materials

S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), bicine,Tween20, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), bovine skin gelatin (BSG), sodiumbutyrate and Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride solution (TCEP)were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at the highest level of puritypossible. ³H-SAM was purchase from American Radiolabeled Chemicals witha specific activity of 80 Ci/mmol. 384-well streptavidin Flashplateswere purchased from PerkinElmer.

Substrates

Peptide representative of human histone H3 residues 16-30 wassynthesized with an N-terminal linker-affinity tag motif and aC-terminal amide cap by 21^(st) Century Biochemicals. The peptide waspurified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to greaterthan 95% purity and confirmed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry(LC-MS). The sequence was Biot-Ahx-PRKQLATKAARKSAP-amide and contained amonomethylated arginine at position 26 (SEQ ID NO.:1).

Molecular Biology

Human CARM1 (PRMT4) (NM_199141.1) transcript clone was amplified from anHEK 293 cDNA library, incorporating a flanking 5′ sequence encoding aFLAG tag (MDYKDDDDK) (SEQ ID NO.:2) fused directly to Ala 2 of CARM1 and3′ sequence encoding a hexa His sequence (EGHHHHHH) (SEQ ID NO.:3) fuseddirectly to Ser 608. The gene sequence encoding isoforml containing adeletion of amino acids 539-561 was amplified subsequently and subclonedinto pFastBacMam (Viva Biotech).

Protein Expression

Recombinant baculovirus were generated according to Bac-to-Bac kitinstructions (Life Technologies). Protein over-expression wasaccomplished by infecting exponentially growing HEK 293F cell culture at1.3×10⁶ cell/ml with virus (MOI=10) in the presence of 8 mM sodiumbutyrate. Infections were carried out at 37° C. for 48 hours, harvestedby centrifugation, and stored at −80° C. for purification.

Protein Purification

Expressed full-length human Flag- and His-tagged CARM1 protein waspurified from cell paste by anti-flag M2 affinity chromatography withresin equilibrated with buffer containing 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5%glycerol, pH 7.8. Column was washed with 500 mM NaCl in buffer A andFlag-CARM1-His was eluted with 200 ug/ml FLAG peptide in buffer A.Pooled fractions were dialyzed in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5% glyceroland 1 mM DTT, pH 7.8. The purity of recovered protein was 94.

Predicted Translations

Flag-CARM1-His (SEQ ID NO.: 4)MDYKDDDDKAAAAAAVGPGAGGAGSAVPGGAGPCATVSVFPGARLLTIGDANGEIQRHAEQQALRLEVRAGPDSAGIALYSHEDVCVFKCSVSRETECSRVGKQSFIITLGCNSVLIQFATPNDFCSFYNILKTCRGHTLERSVFSERTEESSAVQYFQFYGYLSQQQNMMQDYVRTGTYQRAILQNHTDFKDKIVLDVGCGSGILSFFAAQAGARKIYAVEASTMAQHAEVLVKSNNLTDRIVVIPGKVEEVSLPEQVDIIISEPMGYMLFNERMLESYLHAKKYLKPSGNMFPTIGDVHLAPFTDEQLYMEQFTKANFWYQPSFHGVDLSALRGAAVDEYFRQPVVDTFDIRILMAKSVKYTVNFLEAKEGDLHRIEIPFKFHMLHSGLVHGLAFWFDVAFIGSIMTVWLSTAPTEPLTHWYQVRCLFQSPLFAKAGDTLSGTCLLIANKRQSYDISIVAQVDQTGSKSSNLLDLKNPFFRYTGTTPSPPPGSHYTSPSENMWNTGSTYNLSSGMAVAGMPTAYDLSSVIASGSSVGHNNLIPLGSSGAQGSGGGSTSAHYAVNSQFTMGGPAISMASPMSIPTNTMHYGSEGHHH HHH

General Procedure for CARM1 Enzyme Assays on Peptide Substrates

The assays were all performed in a buffer consisting of 20 mM Bicine(pH=7.6), 1 mM TCEP, 0.005% BSG, and 0.002% Tween 20, prepared on theday of use. Compounds in 100% DMSO (1 ul) were spotted into apolypropylene 384-well V-bottom plates (Greiner) using a Platemate Plusoutfitted with a 384-channel head (Thermo Scientific). DMSO (1 ul) wasadded to Columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows A-H for the maximum signal controland 1 ul of SAH, a known product and inhibitor of CARM1, was added tocolumns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows I-P for the minimum signal control. Acocktail (40 ul) containing the CARM1 enzyme was added by MultidropCombi (Thermo-Fisher). The compounds were allowed to incubate with CARM1for 30 min at room temperature, then a cocktail (10 ul) containing³H-SAM and peptide was added to initiate the reaction (final volume=51ul). The final concentrations of the components were as follows: CARM1was 0.25 nM, ³H-SAM was 30 nM, peptide was 250 nM, SAH in the minimumsignal control wells was 1 mM, and the DMSO concentration was 2%. Theassays were stopped by the addition of non-radiolabeled SAM (10 ul) to afinal concentration of 300 uM, which dilutes the ³H-SAM to a level whereits incorporation into the peptide substrate is no longer detectable. 50ul of the reaction in the 384-well polypropylene plate was thentransferred to a 384-well Flashplate and the biotinylated peptides wereallowed to bind to the streptavidin surface for at least 1 hour beforebeing washed once with 0.1% Tween20 in a Biotek ELx405 plate washer. Theplates were then read in a PerkinElmer TopCount plate reader to measurethe quantity of ³H-labeled peptide bound to the Flashplate surface,measured as disintegrations per minute (dpm) or alternatively, referredto as counts per minute (cpm).

%  inhibition  calculation  ${\% \mspace{14mu} {inh}} = {100 - {\left( \frac{{dpm}_{cmpd} - {dpm}_{\min}}{{dpm}_{\max} - {dpm}_{\min}} \right) \times 100}}$

where dpm=disintegrations per minute, cmpd=signal in assay well, and minand max are the respective minimum and maximum signal controls.

parameter  IC₅₀  fit$Y = {{Bottom} + \frac{\left( {{Top} - {Bottom}} \right)}{\left( {1 + \left( \frac{X}{{IC}_{50}} \right)^{{Hill}\mspace{11mu} {Coefficient}}} \right.}}$

where top and bottom are the normally allowed to float, but may be fixedat 100 or 0 respectively in a 3-parameter fit. The Hill Coefficientnormally allowed to float but may also be fixed at 1 in a 3-parameterfit. Y is the % inhibition and X is the compound concentration.

RKO Methylation Assay

RKO adherent cells were purchased from ATCC (American Type CultureCollection), Manassas, Va., USA. DMEM/Glutamax medium,penicillin-streptomycin, heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 0.05%trypsin and D-PBS were purchased from Life Technologies, Grand Island,N.Y., USA. Odyssey blocking buffer, 800CW goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)antibody, and Licor Odyssey infrared scanner were purchased from LicorBiosciences, Lincoln, Nebr., USA. Asymmetric di-methyl PABP1 antibodywas purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA.Methanol was purchased from VWR, Franklin, Mass., USA. 10% Tween 20 waspurchased from KPL, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md., USA. Paraformaldehyde (PFA)was purchased from EM Sciences. DRAQ5 was purchased from BiostatusLimited, Leicestershire, UK.

RKO adherent cells were maintained in growth medium (DMEM/Glutamaxmedium supplemented with 10% v/v heat inactivated fetal bovine serum and100 units/mL penicillin-streptomycin) and cultured at 37° C. under 5%CO₂.

Cell treatment, In Cell Western (ICW) for detection of asymmetricdi-methyl PABP1 and DNA content: RKO cells were seeded in assay mediumat a concentration of 30,000 cells per mL to a poly-D-lysine coated 384well culture plate (BD Biosciences 356697) with 50 aL per well. Compound(100 nL) from a 96-well source plate was added directly to 384 well cellplate. Plates were incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 48 hours. After twodays of incubation, plates were brought to room temperature outside ofthe incubator for ten minutes and blotted on paper towels to remove cellmedia. Cells were fixed for 20 minutes at room temperature by adding 50ul of 8% PFA followed by aspiration of supernatant with the Biotek EL406plate washer. Cells were then permeabilized by addition of 50 aL of icecold 100% methanol directly to each well and incubated for 30 min atroom temperature. After 30 min, plates were transferred to a BiotekEL406 plate washer and washed 2 times with 100 aL per well of washbuffer (1×PBS). Next 60 aL per well of Odyssey blocking buffer (OdysseyBuffer with 0.1% Tween 20 (v/v)) were added to each plate and incubated1 hour at room temperature. Blocking buffer was removed and 20 μL perwell of primary antibody was added (asymmetric-methyl PABP1) diluted1:400 in Odyssey buffer with 0.1% Tween 20 (v/v)) and plates wereincubated overnight (16 hours) at 4° C. Plates were washed 5 times with100 aL per well of wash buffer. Next 20 aL per well of secondaryantibody was added (1:800 800CW goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) antibody,1:2000 DRAQ5 in Odyssey buffer with 0.1% Tween 20 (v/v)) and incubatedfor 1 hour at room temperature. The plates were washed 5 times with 100μL per well wash buffer then 2 times with 100 μL per well of water.Plates were allowed to dry at room temperature then imaged on the LicorOdyssey machine which measures integrated intensity at 700 nm and 800 nmwavelengths. Both 700 and 800 channels were scanned.

Calculations.

First, the ratio for each well was determined by:

$\left( \frac{{asymmetric}\mspace{14mu} {di}\text{-}{methyl}\mspace{14mu} {PABP}\; 1\mspace{14mu} 800\mspace{14mu} {nm}\mspace{14mu} {value}}{{DRAQ}\; 5\mspace{14mu} 700\mspace{14mu} {nm}\mspace{14mu} {value}} \right)$

Each plate included fourteen control wells of DMSO only treatment(minimum inhibition) as well as fourteen control wells for maximuminhibition treated with 20 μM of a reference compound. The average ofthe ratio values for each control type was calculated and used todetermine the percent activation for each test well in the plate.Reference compound was serially diluted three-fold in DMSO for a totalof nine test concentrations, beginning at 20 μM.

Percent inhibition was determined and IC₅₀ curves were generated usingtriplicate wells per concentration of compound.

${{Percent}\mspace{14mu} {Inhibition}} = {100 - \left( {\left( \frac{\begin{matrix}{\left( {{Minimum}\mspace{14mu} {Inhibition}\mspace{14mu} {Ratio}} \right) -} \\\left( {{Individual}\mspace{14mu} {Test}\mspace{14mu} {Sample}\mspace{14mu} {Ratio}} \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\left( {{Minimum}\mspace{14mu} {Inhibition}\mspace{14mu} {Ratio}} \right) -} \\\left( \; {{Maximum}\mspace{14mu} {Inhibition}\mspace{14mu} {Ratio}} \right)\end{matrix}} \right)*100} \right)}$

TABLE 3 Biochemical potencies Compound Biochem IC₅₀  1-1 A  2-1 A  3-1 A 4-1 E  5-1 D  6-1 B  7-1 B  8-1 B  9-1 A 10-1 A 11-1 A 12-1 B 13-1 A14-1 A 15-1 A 16-1 B 17-1 C 18-1 A 19-1 A 20-1 A 21-1 B 22-1 A 23-1 B24-1 A 25-1 A 26-1 A 27-1 B 28-1 B 29-1 A 30-1 B 31-1 B 32-1 A 33-1 A34-1 A 35-1 B 36-1 A 37-1 A 38-1 B 39-1 B 40-1 B 41-1 A 42-1 A 43-1 B44-1 B 45-1 A 46-1 A 47-1 B 48-1 A 49-1 A 50-1 A 51-1 B 52-1 B 53-1 A54-1 B 55-1 A 56-1 A 57-1 A 58-1 B 59-1 A 60-1 A 61-1 C 62-1 A 63-1 B64-1 A 65-1 B 66-1 B 67-1 B 68-1 B 69-1 B 70-1 A 71-1 A 72-1 B 73-1 B74-1 B 75-1 B  1-2 B  2-2 A  3-2 B  4-2 A  5-2 A  6-2 A  7-2 B  8-2 A 9-2 B 10-2 B 11-2 B 12-2 B 13-2 B 14-2 A 15-2 A 16-2 A Classificationcodes for biochemical potencies: A: IC₅₀ <0.1 uM B: 0.1 uM ≦ IC₅₀ < 1 uMC: 1 uM ≦ IC₅₀ < 3 uM D: 3 uM ≦ IC₅₀ < 10 uM E: 10 uM < IC₅₀

TABLE 4 Cellular potencies Compound Cellular IC₅₀  3-1 B 26-1 C 33-1 A40-1 B 41-1 C 51-1 C 52-1 C 70-1 C Classification codes for cellularpotencies: A: IC₅₀ <5 uM B: 5 uM ≦ IC₅₀ < 10 uM C: 10 uM ≦ IC₅₀ < 20 uM

Other Embodiments

The foregoing has been a description of certain non-limiting embodimentsof the invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciatethat various changes and modifications to this description may be madewithout departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, asdefined in the following claims.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A method of treating a CARM1-mediated disorder,comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effectiveamount of a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein: X is —O—, —S—,or —CH₂—; R¹ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic; eachof R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is independently hydrogen,halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R^(A2), —C(═O)OR^(A2), —C(═O)N(R^(A2))₂,—OR^(A2), —SR^(A), —N(R^(A2))₂, —S(═O)R^(A2), —S(═O)₂R^(A2), optionallysubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl, wherein each instance of R^(A2) isindependently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R^(A2)groups attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form anoptionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroarylring; Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of theformula:

each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′,—C(═O)N(R′)₂, optionally substituted alkyl, and -L¹-R³; each instance ofR′ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R′ groupsattached to the same nitrogen are joined to form an optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl ring or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;each instance of L¹ and L² is independently a bond, —O—, —N(R^(L))—,—S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—,—OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—,—C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—,—C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—,—N(R^(L))SO₇—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, an optionallysubstituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, whereinone or more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—,—N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—,—C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—,—SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—,—C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—,—SO₂N(R^(L))—, and —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— is optionally and independentlypresent between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, andoptionally and independently present at one or both ends of thehydrocarbon chain; each R^(L) is independently hydrogen, optionallysubstituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, or R^(L) and R³ takentogether form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionallysubstituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form anoptionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroarylring; R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, provided when R³is hydrogen, then L is not a bond; and R¹³ is optionally substitutedcarbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substitutedaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
 27. The method of claim 26,wherein the disorder is a proliferative disorder.
 28. The method ofclaim 26, wherein the disorder is cancer.
 29. The method of claim 28,wherein the cancer is associated with E2F1 upregulation.
 30. The methodof claim 28, wherein the cancer is associated with aberrant CARM1activity.
 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the cancer is breastcancer, prostate cancer, or colorectal cancer.
 32. The method of claim28, wherein the cancer is ERα-dependent breast cancer.
 33. The method ofclaim 28, wherein the cancer is castration-resistant prostate cancer.34. The method of claim 28, wherein the cancer is colorectal cancerassociated with dysregulated WNT/β-catenin signaling.
 35. The method ofclaim 26, wherein the disorder is a metabolic disorder.
 36. The methodof claim 28, wherein the cancer is leukemia, lymphoma, or multiplemyeloma.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the cancer is leukemia. 38.The method of claim 36, wherein the cancer is lymphoma.
 39. The methodof claim 36, wherein the cancer is multiple myeloma.
 40. A method oftreating a CARM1-mediated disorder, comprising administering to asubject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula(I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: X is —O—, —S—,or —CH₂—; R¹ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic; eachof R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is independently hydrogen,halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R^(A2), —C(═O)OR^(A2), —C(═O)N(R^(A2))₂,—OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, —S(═O)R^(A2), —S(═O)₂R^(A2), optionallysubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl, wherein each instance of R^(A2) isindependently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R^(A2)groups attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form anoptionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroarylring; Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of theformula:

wherein: G₈ is C—R⁸ or N; G₁₀ is C—R¹⁰ or N; G₁₁ is C—R¹¹ or N; G₁₂ isC—R¹² or N; provided at least one instance of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ is N;each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′,—C(═O)N(R′)₂, optionally substituted alkyl, and -L¹-R³; each instance ofR′ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R′ groupsattached to the same nitrogen are joined to form an optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl ring or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;each instance of L¹ and L² is independently a bond, —O—, —N(R^(L))—,—S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—,—OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—,—C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—,—C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—,—N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, an optionallysubstituted C₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein oneor more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—,—S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—,—OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—,—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—,—C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—,—C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—,—N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, and —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— is optionallyand independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbonchain, and optionally and independently present at one or both ends ofthe hydrocarbon chain; each R^(L) is independently hydrogen, optionallysubstituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, or R^(L) and R³ takentogether form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionallysubstituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form anoptionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroarylring; R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionallysubstituted heteroaryl, or aryl unsubstituted or substituted with one ormore substituents independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(bb))₂, —SH,—SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂H, —CHO, —CO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa),—OCO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, C₁ alkyl, C₁perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl, provided when R³ ishydrogen, then L¹ is not a bond; and R¹³ is optionally substitutedcarbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, or aryl unsubstituted or substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(bb))₂, —SH,—SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂H, —CHO, —CO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa),—OCO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, C₁ alkyl, Ciperhaloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl; wherein: each instance ofR^(aa) is, independently, Ci alkyl; and each instance of R^(bb) is,independently, hydrogen or Ci alkyl, or two R^(bb) groups are joined toform a 3-6 membered heterocyclyl or 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring. 41.The method of claim 40, wherein the disorder is a metabolic disorder.42. The method of claim 40, wherein the disorder is a proliferativedisorder.
 43. The method of claim 40, wherein the disorder is cancer.44. The method of claim 43, wherein the cancer is associated with E2F1upregulation.
 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the cancer isassociated with aberrant CARM1 activity.
 46. The method of claim 43,wherein the cancer is breast cancer, prostate cancer, or colorectalcancer.
 47. The method of claim 43, wherein the cancer is ERα-dependentbreast cancer.
 48. The method of claim 43, wherein the cancer iscastration-resistant prostate cancer.
 49. The method of claim 43,wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer associated with dysregulatedWNT/β-catenin signaling.
 50. The method of claim 43, wherein the canceris leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma.
 51. The method of claim 50,wherein the cancer is leukemia.
 52. The method of claim 50, wherein thecancer is lymphoma.
 53. The method of claim 50, wherein the cancer ismultiple myeloma.